A material exhibits a large amount of plastic deformation before fracture and can absorb significant energy. This material is said to have: 

Explanation:

Toughness:

• Toughness is a material property that describes the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. It is the total amount of energy a material can absorb before breaking, and it combines both strength and ductility. Materials with high toughness are those that can undergo significant plastic deformation while also resisting fracture. This characteristic is particularly important in applications where materials are subjected to impact, shock loads, or dynamic stresses.
• A material with high toughness can absorb substantial energy before failure due to its ability to deform plastically. In contrast, brittle materials, which exhibit low toughness, fracture with minimal plastic deformation and absorb relatively little energy before breaking.

Factors Affecting Toughness:

• Strength: Tough materials typically have moderate to high strength. However, strength alone does not guarantee toughness; a balance between strength and ductility is necessary.
• Ductility: Materials with high ductility can undergo extensive plastic deformation, which contributes to toughness.
• Microstructure: The microstructure of the material, such as grain size and phase distribution, significantly influences toughness.
• Temperature: The toughness of a material often changes with temperature. For example, metals tend to become more brittle at lower temperatures.

Applications of Tough Materials:

• Structural components in buildings, bridges, and aircraft, where materials must withstand dynamic loads and impacts.
• Automotive crashworthiness designs, where materials must absorb energy during collisions.
• Tools and machinery parts that experience cyclic loading or shock forces.