Three Statements are given followed by Three conclusions numbered I, II and III. Assuming the statements to be true, even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements.

Statements:

All pens are newspapers.

Some newspapers are novels.

No novel is a book.

Conclusions:

I. Some books are pens.

II. Some novels are pens.

III. No book is a pen.

The least possible Venn diagram for the given statement is:

Conclusions:

I. Some books are pens → Does not Follow (As, all pens are newspapers, some newspapers are novels and no novel is a book. So, it is possible but not definitely true.)

II. Some novels are pens → Does not Follow (As, all pens are newspapers and some newspapers are novels. So, it is possible but not definitely true.)

III. No book is a pen → Does not Follow (As, all pens are newspapers, some newspapers are novels and no novel is a book . So, as no direct negative or cross relation given between book and pen therefore it is definitely false)

∴ Here,

1. Elements i.e books and pens are same in both the conclusions.
2. Both the conclusions are individually does not follow(possible but not definitely true).
3. Conclusion I and II are complementary pair i.e Some and No

Hence, the correct answer is "Either conclusion I or III follows".

Additional Information

Conditions of either or case

1. The elements should be same in both the conclusions
2. Both conclusions should possible but not definitely true.
3. One of the conclusion should be negative and one of the conclusion should be positive i.e complimentary pair.
4. Complimentary pairs :

• ​some + no and all + some not
• Some + Some not and All + no are not Complimentary pair.