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Home / Physics / Magnetic Permeability - Definition, Formula, Types and FAQs

Magnetic Permeability - Definition, Formula, Types and FAQs

Last Updated on Jan 22, 2025
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Understanding Magnetic Permeability

Magnetic permeability is a key concept in electromagnetism that pertains to how a magnetic material allows for the formation of a magnetic field. This term was first introduced by Oliver Heaviside in 1885. Simply put, it's a measure of how well a material can support the passage of magnetic lines of force.

This property can also be thought of as the material's capability to become magnetized. It's essentially an indicator of how much magnetic flux a material can accommodate.

Defining Magnetic Permeability

Magnetic permeability is the quotient of magnetic induction to the magnetic field intensity. It's a scalar quantity symbolized by μ. It's useful in gauging a material's resistance to a magnetic field or the extent to which a magnetic field can infiltrate a material.

The greater the magnetic permeability of a material, the better it can conduct magnetic lines of force.

Factors Influencing Magnetic Permeability

The permeability of a material isn't constant and can be affected by various factors such as the material's nature, its position in the medium, humidity, temperature, and the frequency of the applied force. Magnetic permeability is always positive and can change with a magnetic field. Its inverse is known as magnetic reluctivity.

The Formula for Magnetic Permeability

The formula used to calculate magnetic permeability is as follows:

Magnetic Permeability (μ) = B/H

In this formula, B stands for magnetic intensity and H represents the magnetising field.

The standard unit of magnetic permeability is henry per meter (H/m) or newton per ampere squared (N⋅A−2).

Various Types of Permeability

Permeability can be categorized into several types, including:

Permeability of Free Space

This is the ratio of the magnetic intensity in a vacuum to the magnetising field. It's represented by μ0 = B0/H.

Permeability of Medium

This is the ratio of the magnetic intensity in the medium to the magnetising field. It's expressed as μ = B/H.

Relative Permeability

Relative permeability is a dimensionless quantity. It's the ratio of magnetic induction per unit area in a material to the number of lines per unit area in a vacuum. It's given as μr = μ/μm.

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Magnetic Permeability in Different Materials

Materials can be classified according to their permeability as follows:

Diamagnetic Materials

Diamagnetic materials have a relative permeability slightly less than 1. These materials are weakly repelled by external magnetic fields. An example of a diamagnetic material is silver.

Paramagnetic Materials

Paramagnetic materials have a relative permeability slightly greater than 1. These materials are weakly attracted by external magnetic fields. An example of a paramagnetic material is aluminum.

Ferromagnetic Materials

Ferromagnetic materials do not have a constant relative permeability. These materials are strongly attracted by external magnetic fields. An example of a ferromagnetic material is steel.

Correlation between Relative Permeability and Magnetic Susceptibility

The relationship between magnetic susceptibility and relative permeability is given by the equation χm = μr - 1.

This equation can be derived using the following steps:

Start with the equations B = μo(H+M) and M=XmH. Substituting M into the first equation gives B = μo(H+XmH), which can be simplified to B = μoH(1+Xm).

Therefore, μH = μoH(1+Xm), which can be rearranged to give Xm = μ/μo - 1 = μr - 1.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Magnetic permeability is defined as the magnetic flux density B produced within a material by a magnetising field divided by the magnetising field’s magnetic field intensity H. Hence, magnetic permeability (Greek mu) is defined as B/H.

The value of magnetic permeability describes how a magnetic material reacts to a magnetic field. A material is considered to have a high permeability if its internal dipoles are easily orientated to an applied magnetic field.

Nickel, Cobalt alloys
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