Which of the following abbreviations used in footnotes and endnotes means 'in the same place'?

Footnotes and Endnotes are used to explain, comment on, or provide references to something in a document. Usually, footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes come at the end of the document or section.

Key Points

An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase,

• Ibid. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibīdem, meaning "in the same place", commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item.

EXAMPLES

1. R. Poirer, "Learning physics," (Academic, New York, 1993), p. 4.
2. Ibid., p. 9.
3. T. Eliot, "Astrophysics," (Springer, Berlin, 1989), p. 141
4. R. Builder, J Phys Chem 20(3) 1654-57, 1991.
5. Eliot, op. cit., p.148.

Additional Information

• et al: An abbreviated form of et alia, Latin for "and others."
  • When affixed after the name of a person, et al. indicates that additional persons are acting in the same manner.
• Loc. cit. is latin, short for loco citato, meaning "in the place cited" is a footnote or endnote term used to repeat the title and page number for a given work.
  • Loc. cit. is used in place of ibid. when the reference is not only to the work immediately preceding, but also refers to the same page.
  • Therefore, loc. cit. is never followed by volume or page numbers.
• op. cit. is an abbreviation for the Latin opus citatum, meaning "the work cited". 
  • Refers to the reference listed earlier by the same author. 

Hence, ibid. is an abbreviation used in footnotes and endnotes that means 'in the same place'.