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Home / UPSC Editorials / End of Naxalism in India by March 2026

End of Naxalism in India by 2026: Strategies to end LWE | UPSC Editorials

Last Updated on Sep 02, 2024
Also Read End of Naxalism in India by March 2026 in Hindi
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Union Home Minister Amit Shah after a meeting in Raipur (Chattisgarh) announced that the final and ruthless battle against Maoists is imminent, aiming to eradicate Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) in India by March 2026. The Union Home Minister stressed on the need for a strong strategy to decisively combat Left Wing Extremism and end of Naxalism in India. Naxalism in India was called the biggest challenge to India's democracy.

Analysis Based On

Article published in Indian Express on making India Naxalism-free by March 2026

Topics for Prelims

Government Policies, Acts, Legislations, Central Security Agencies

Topics for Mains

Internal Security and Challenges, Left Wing Extremism, Organised Crime, Cross Border Networks, Government Initiatives

What is Naxalism or Left Wing Extremism?

Naxalism started as a movement that originated in a remote backward village named Naxalbari in West Bengal against landlords or samantwadi following a violent land dispute. It was a kind of

Rebellion against the landlords. These are some of the historical facts related to naxalism in India:

  • Spread of Naxalism in India: The Naxalism as a movement expanded to less developed regions which were rich in minerals like coal, iron, Bauxite mines etc which were mostly located in eastern India. States like Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh are heavily affected with left wing extremism or naxalism.
  • Terminology Used for Naxalites: In India, they basically belong to an organization named Communist Party of India (Maoist). Left-Wing Extremists (LWE) are referred to as Naxalites in India. 
  • Objective of Naxalism in India:  Naxalites or Left Wing Extremists aim to overthrow the democratically elected Indian government through armed revolution to establish a communist state based on Maoist principles. They don't believe that there is any kind of democracy in India.
  • Viewpoint About State: They view the state and its machinery as oppressive, exploitative and an entity that only serves the ruling elite and capitalists class. Naxalism in India advocates for an armed struggle to address socio-economic grievances of masses.
  • Modus Operandi of Naxalism in India: Naxalite groups or left wing extremists (LWE) employ guerrilla warfare, attacks on security forces, extortion from contractors and businesspeople, intimidation, and propaganda to further their objectives. 
  • Targets and Approach: Strategies like armed insurgency, mass mobilization and forming strategic alliances. They usually target institutions which are symbols of democracy or administration like Government institutions, public infrastructure, infrastructure of economic interests like mobile tower,railway tracks, roads etc
  • Janatana Sarkar or Parallel Governance: In areas under their control, left wing extremists operate parallel governance or ‘Janatana Sarkar’ structures. Under this they conduct ‘jan sunwai’ or public meetings, provide basic services and dispense justice based on their own rules and principles. 

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Status of Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) in India: 

As per the latest data of Union Ministry of Home Affairs, the number of violent incidents and deaths in Naxal-affected areas is at a four-decade low. The number of violent incidents have decreased by more than 77% in 2022 as compared to the number of such incidents in 2010, when naxalism in India was at its peak . The number of Left Wing Extremism affected districts is also reduced from 90 to 45. Casualties of Police personnel and Central security forces and civilians have declined by 90%.

What are the causes of Naxalism in India? 

According to former Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh, “Left Wing Extremism or Naxalism in India is the biggest threat to internal security of India.” These are the following causes of naxalism in India:

  • Socio-Economic Factors: Naxalism spread in regions which are deprived of basic civil amenities and where people are facing acute poverty and hunger. States in India which are facing this threat are mineral rich but the people in those affected districts are extremely poor and have faced exploitation and ignorance from landlords and administration respectively. People living in those areas have often faced social exclusion and lack of access to basic necessities like healthcare and education. These factors have fuelled resentment and made them receptive to Naxalite ideology.
  • Exploitation by Ruling Class: Tribal communities are the most disadvantaged section in India and they are particularly vulnerable to exploitation by the ruling elite class like landlords, moneylenders, bureaucrats, politicians and mining companies. Naxalites who have also faced such neglect and come from the same background present themselves as protectors against such exploitation. 
  • Political Negligence: Naxalism in India has thrived on the premise of weak governance and lack of proper Infrastructure. Poor infrastructure like roads, schools, communication networks allows left wing extremists or Naxalites to operate with minimal interference. 

What are the Government Initiatives Against Naxalism in India?

The Central Government or State Governments in India have launched various schemes, initiatives, programmes to tackle the threat of naxalism in India. These are some of the initiatives that has strengthened the objective of making India free of Naxalism or Left wing extremism:

  • National Policy and Action Plan to Address Left Wing Extremism (2015): It is a comprehensive strategy that focuses on security and development. It ensures improvement in governance so that rights and entitlements of local communities are protected.
  • SAMADHAN: This is an acronym for Smart leadership, Aggressive strategy, Motivation and training, Actionable intelligence, Dashboard-based KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) and KRAs (Key Result Areas), Harnessing technology, Action plan for each threat, and No access to financing. 
  • Aspirational Districts Programme: With the active guidance of NITI Aayog, this initiative aims to transform 112 of India’s most underdeveloped districts, many of which are LWE-affected. It mainly focuses on key sectors such as health, education, agriculture, and basic infrastructure. 
  • Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme: This scheme is implemented in 10 LWE-affected states to cover the cost of training and operational needs of security personnels, ex-gratia payments to families of civilians/security forces killed or injured in the violence, rehabilitation of surrendered Left Wing Extremism cadres, community policing and village defense committees
  • Special Central Assistance (SCA) for Most LWE Affected Districts: The assistance given under this aims to fill the gaps in public infrastructure and services in naxal affected areas.
  • Police Modernisation Scheme and Scheme of Fortified Police Stations: Funds are given under this to develop capability of police personnel such as advanced weapons, communication system, check posts, vehicles etc. Under this scheme, 604 fortified police stations have been constructed in left wing extremism affected districts or regions to strengthen security infrastructure. 
  • Road Connectivity Project for LWE Affected Areas (RCPLWE): This project aims at improving road connectivity in LWE-affected areas so that the movement of security forces can be made easier and also promote economic development. 

Way Forward

It is sine qua non to develop a multi pronged approach to tackle this biggest threat on democracy and internal security of India. However the focus should be on elimination of Naxalism in India and not only the Naxalites. These are the following way forward to eliminate the naxalism in India by March 2026 as stated by the Union Home Minister of India recently:

  • Target Based Security Operations: Intelligence-based, targeted operations against LWE groups should be conducted. Utmost caution should be taken to minimize collateral damage and ensure community safety. 
  • Rehabilitation and Reintegration: Those former extremists who have renounced violence should be provided education, vocational training,jobs or employment and also psychosocial support to live a normal life. States should also develop and rationalize their surrender policies so that those innocent individuals who got caught in the LWE trap are integrated back into the mainstream. 
  • Community Policing: Police is seen as a weapon of oppression, thus more focus should be put on community policing so that the image of police among tribals is improved and the trust deficit between government and people can be minimized.
  • Socio-Economic Development: More focus should be given on improving the socio-economic conditions of people living in LWE-affected areas by investing in critical and basic infrastructure, creating more employment opportunities, and providing better access to education and healthcare.
  • Ecological and Sustainable Development Initiatives: Sustainable development projects and conservation efforts should be promoted and introduced in LWE-affected areas and participation of local communities should be ensured.

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UPSC Previous Year Questions

Year

Question

2023

What are the internal security challenges being faced by India? Give out the role of Central Intelligence and Investigative Agencies tasked to counter such threats.


 

2022

Naxalism is a social, economic and development issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.


 

UPSC Practice Questions

Q1. Keeping in view India's internal security, analyze the impact or cross-border cyber-attacks. Also discuss defensive measures against these sophisticated attacks.

Q2. What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in the Eastern part of India? What strategy should the Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas?

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