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Home / IAS Preparation / Agro Climatic Zones of India

Agro Climatic Zones of India: List, Objectives and Major Features

Last Updated on Apr 29, 2025
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Agro Climatic Zones (ACZ) of India refer to regions with similar climatic conditions and agricultural potential. India has 15 agro-climatic zones, each with distinct features that impact the region's agricultural productivity. These zones are restricted based on temperature, rainfall, soil type, and crop suitability.

This topic of the "agro-climatic-zones-in-India" is important from the perspective of the UPSC IAS Examination, which falls under General Studies Paper 1 (Mains) under the economy subject of the UPSC Exam. This article will discuss agro-climatic zones in India UPSC and their relevance for the UPSC exam.

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What are Agro Climatic Zones?

Agro Climatic Zones (ACZ) are regions with similar climatic conditions and agricultural potential. These zones are restricted based on temperature, rainfall, soil type, and crop suitability. The purpose of limiting these zones is to facilitate the development of location-specific strategies and interventions for agricultural development.

  • In India, 15 agro-climatic zones have been identified by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). 
  • These zones are spread across the country and have unique climatic and soil conditions, which impact the agricultural practices and productivity of the region. 
  • The ICAR has developed location-specific technologies and interventions to enhance farm productivity and address the challenges in each zone.
  • The identification and differentiation of Agro Climatic Zones are crucial for sustainable agricultural development as it helps in the efficient utilization of resources and adoption of appropriate technologies for the specific region. 
  • It also helps identify and address the challenges the farmers face in each area and promote crop diversification to ensure food security.

Agro Climatic Zones are different regions in the world that have their own unique weather and climate patterns. Farmers, researchers, and people who make decisions about farming need to study these zones because they can help plan how to grow crops, decide where to use resources like water and fertilizer, and share new ideas with other farmers.

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The objective of Agro Climatic Zones

Here are ten objectives of Agro Climatic Zones:

  • To identify and demarcate regions with similar agro-climatic conditions to facilitate the development of location-specific agricultural strategies and interventions.
  • Assess different regions' agricultural potential and limitations based on temperature, rainfall, soil type, and crop suitability.
  • To identify and address the challenges farmers face in each region, such as pest and disease outbreaks, soil degradation, and water scarcity.
  • To promote crop diversification and crop rotation to ensure food security and increase agricultural productivity.
  • To enhance the efficient utilization of land, water, and fertilizer resources in each region.
  • To promote the adoption of appropriate technologies and best agricultural practices in each region.
  • To facilitate technology and knowledge transfer between regions and promote regional cooperation in agricultural development.
  • To develop location-specific agricultural policies, programs, and incentives to promote sustainable agricultural development.
  • To promote the conservation of each region's natural resources, such as soil, water, and biodiversity.
  • To monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of agricultural interventions and programs in each region to ensure continuous agricultural productivity and sustainability improvement.

Agro Climatic Zones of India

  • The agro-climatic zones are restricted based on temperature, rainfall, soil type, and crop suitability.
  • India has 15 agro-climatic zones, each with unique climatic and soil conditions that impact agricultural practices and productivity.

Agro-climatic Zone

Western Himalayan Region

Eastern Himalayan Region

Lower Gangetic Plains Region

Middle Gangetic Plains Region

Upper Gangetic Plains Region

Trans-Gangetic Plains Region

Eastern Plateau and Hills Region

Central Plateau and Hills

Western Plateau and Hills

Southern Plateau and Hills

East Coast Plains and Hills

West Coast Plains and Ghats Region

Gujarat Plains

Western Dry Region

The Islands Region

Features of India's 15 Agro Climatic Zones

There are 15 Agro Climatic Zones in India and the features of each of these zone are as followed:

Features of the Western Himalayan Region

  • High altitude region with cold climate and significant variation in temperature throughout the year.
  • Wide range of crops grown, including cereals, horticultural crops, temperate fruits, medicinal plants, and aromatic plants.
  • Rice-wheat and maize-wheat cropping systems are followed in It.
  • It has several valleys and terraces suitable for horticulture and temperate fruit production.
  • Apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, and kiwi fruits are grown in It.
  • It is rich in medicinal and aromatic plants, including Himalayan yew, Picrorhiza, Aconitum, and lavender.

Features of the Eastern Himalayan Region

  • High altitude region with diverse topography and climate conditions.
  • It is suitable for horticulture and floriculture due to its temperate climate.
  • Large varieties of fruits like apples, oranges, pineapples, and lemons are grown in It.
  • It is rich in medicinal and aromatic plants, including cinchona, tea, and cardamom.
  • It has diverse ethnic groups that have unique agricultural practices and knowledge systems.

Features of the Lower Gangetic Plains Region

  • This region has a flat surface and rich soil that is good for growing crops.
  • The weather is also good for farming and produces a lot of food.
  • Sometimes there are floods during the rainy season that can harm crops and homes.
  • Farmers here use traditional methods of farming, like raising fish and farming in floodplains.
  • Researchers study this region to find ways to improve farming and other related activities.

Features of the Middle Gangetic Plains Region

  • This place has very flat ground and rich soil.
  • People grow many crops here because the soil and the weather are very good.
  • The most important crop here is "paddy," like rice. People also grow wheat and oilseeds.
  • This place has many rivers, so people can use the water to grow crops.
  • Special groups of people also study how to make farming better and easier in this place.

Features of the Upper Gangetic Plains Region

  • This place has many hills and mountains with different kinds of weather.
  • People grow flowers and fruits like apples, oranges, pineapples, and lemons because of the weather.
  • There are special plants with medicine in this area like cinchona, tea, and cardamom.
  • Different groups of people live here and have different ways of farming and knowledge about plants.

Features of the Trans-Gangetic Plains Region

  • This place has very little rain and gets very hot in the summer.
  • The soil is different, some is sandy, some is loamy, and some is clayey.
  • People grow crops like millets, pulses, and vegetables that can handle the dry conditions.
  • They use rivers and canals to water their crops.
  • People study how to help the farmers and improve their crops and their lives.
  • This place has a lot of sunshine and wind, which could be used to make electricity.

Features of Eastern Plateau and Hills Region

  • The place has many hills, plateaus, and valleys.
  • The weather is not too hot or too cold, and it rains a lot throughout the year.
  • People grow tea, oranges, pineapples, and cardamom here, which is called horticulture.
  • There are many types of trees in the forests, like timber, bamboo, and plants that can heal people.
  • Sometimes, the place can have big problems like earthquakes, landslides, and floods. It can damage homes, crops, and things people use.

Features of Central Plateau and Hills Region

  • The place has different types of land like plateaus, hills, and valleys.
  • The climate is hot and dry, and it doesn't rain much.
  • People grow crops like millets, pulses, and oilseeds without much water.
  • Sometimes, there are droughts, heatwaves, and dust storms that can harm crops and animals.
  • The place has rivers and canals that help farmers water their crops.


 

Features of Western Plateau and Hills Region

  • It has a rugged terrain with plateaus, hills, and valleys.
  • It has a semi-arid to arid climate with low rainfall and hot summers.
  • It is suitable for dryland farming and horticulture, with crops like millets, pulses, and oilseeds being grown.
  • It is prone to droughts, heatwaves, and dust storms, which can cause significant damage to crops and livestock.

Features of Southern Plateau and Hills Region

  • It has a diverse topography with plateaus, hills, and valleys.
  • It has a tropical climate with well-distributed rainfall throughout the year.
  • It is known for its diverse range of crops, including rice, millets, pulses, oilseeds, and spices.

Features of East Coast Plains and Hills Region

  • It has a diverse topography with plains, hills, and valleys.
  • It has a tropical climate with well-distributed rainfall throughout the year.
  • It has several indigenous communities that have unique agricultural practices and knowledge systems.
  • It has a rich cultural heritage with several historical monuments and religious sites.
  • It has several research institutes that focus on the development of location-specific technologies for agriculture and allied sectors.

 Features of West Coast Plains and Ghats Region

  • It has a diverse topography with plains, hills, and ghats (mountain ranges).
  • It has a tropical climate with high rainfall and humid conditions.
  • It is known for its diverse range of crops, including rice, coconut, rubber, and spices.
  • It is also known for its horticultural crops, such as mangoes, cashew nuts, and jackfruits.

Read the article El Nino and La Nino.

Features of Gujarat Plains and Hills Region

  • It has a diverse topography with plains, hills, and coastal areas.
  • It has a tropical climate with high temperatures and low rainfall.
  • It is known for its diverse range of crops, including cotton, groundnut, sugarcane, and fruits.

Features of Western Dry Region

  • It has a diverse topography with deserts, plateaus, and hilly areas.
  • It has a hot and dry climate with low rainfall.
  • It is known for its crops adapted to arid conditions, including wheat, pulses, and oilseeds.
  • It has several rivers and canals that are used for irrigation.
  • It is prone to droughts and water scarcity, which can cause significant damage to crops and infrastructure.

Features of the Islands Region

  • It has a diverse topography with islands and coastal areas.
  • It has a tropical climate with high humidity and rainfall.
  • It is known for its diverse range of crops, including rice, coconut, and spices.
  • It is also known for its horticultural crops, such as mangoes, pineapples, and papayas.
  • It has several rivers and canals that are used for irrigation.

Read the linked article for UPSC Exam to learn more about the: Coastal Plains in India.

Conclusion

Agro Climatic Zones are like different neighborhoods for plants in India. Each neighborhood has its own special features and challenges, so we need different rules and ways of doing things for each one. This is important so we can grow as many plants as possible without hurting the land or the plants. We need to take care of the plants and land in the best way possible so we can keep growing plants for a long time.

Read the linked article for the UPSC Exam to learn more about the: Classification of Soils.

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More Articles for IAS Preparation

Agro Climatic Zones in India FAQs

An Agro Climatic Zone is a geographic region with a distinct combination of soil, climate, and other environmental factors that determine the suitability of specific crops and agricultural practices in that region.

India has 20 Agro Climatic Zones, each with its unique set of features and characteristics.

Understanding Agro Climatic Zones is essential for developing region-specific agricultural policies and practices that can maximize agricultural productivity and ensure sustainable growth.

The type of crops that can be grown in different Agro Climatic Zones depends on factors such as temperature, rainfall, soil fertility, and topography. Different zones have different crops, such as rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, fruits, vegetables, and spices.

Agro Climatic Zones help farmers to understand the type of crops that are suitable for their region and the best agricultural practices that can help improve crop yields and overall productivity.

Agro Climatic Zones help policymakers to formulate location-specific policies and programs that can promote agricultural growth, reduce rural poverty, and enhance food security.
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