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Home / IAS Preparation / Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh - History, Biography, Contributions, and Legacy for UPSC!

Last Updated on Jan 13, 2024
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Bhagat Singh was a charismatic revolutionary freedom fighter born on September 28, 1907, in Lyallpur, western Punjab, India (now Pakistan), who sacrificed his life happily for the sake of his country. He was a prominent freedom fighter whose heart was soaked in patriotism from a young age. He brought about a revolution in the national movement against British rule and inspired young people to join the fight for independence from the British. In Kanpur in 1924, he joined the Hindustan Republican Association, which had been founded a year before by Sachindranath Sanyal. Later, he established the Naujawan Bharat Sabha to unite peasants and workers against British rule.

This topic of “Bhagat Singh” is important from the perspective of the UPSC IAS Examination, which falls under General Studies Paper 1 (Mains) and General Studies Paper 1 (Prelims), particularly in the History section. 

In this article, we shall discuss Bhagat Singh, his life, his contributions to the Indian Freedom Struggle, his organisation, and more! Register for UPSC Online Classes at an affordable price through the UPSC CSE Coaching platform to boost your IAS preparation. 

Who was Bhagat Singh?

Bhagat Singh was among the most important nationalist figures in the Indian Independence movement. Bhagat Singh dropped out of school at thirteen and was deeply involved in India's liberation fight from a young age. Bhagat Singh was an ardent supporter of communist and socialist principles. He believed that, in order to free the country from British domination., violence would be necessary. Bhagat Singh is regarded as one of the most iconic personalities from the Indian independence struggle and is known for his fascinating style.

Early Life

Bhagat Singh was born on September 28, 1907, in the district of Lyallpur in Punjab, which is now Pakistan, and grew up in a petty-bourgeois Sikh family of Sandhu Jatt. He was the third son of revolutionary Sardar Kishan and Vidyavati Kaur (Mother). 

  • His family’s involvement in the freedom struggle drew him in at a young age. He was motivated by his revolutionary uncle Sardar Ajit Singh Sandhu, who founded the Bharatmata society and wrote for the journal “Bharat Mata” as well as participating in the Canal Colonization Bill agitation in 1907 and the Ghadar Movement of 1914-1915.
  • The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 deeply disturbed Bhagat Singh. He was only twelve years old at the time, and the incident left a deep wound in his heart.
  • He was always drawn to socialism, and he paved the way for political revolutionaries that no one had even considered. He had a clear vision and was dedicated to achieving his goals.
  • He left school at the age of thirteen and enrolled at the National College in Lahore, which was established and managed by Lala Lajpat Rai and Bhai Parmanand. There, he studied European revolutionary movements.
  • He attended classes during the day and talked about the revolution with his friends in the evening. 

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Revolutionary Contributions and Role of Bhagat Singh In Freedom Struggle

Initially, Bhagat Singh supported the Indian National Congress and the motivations behind the Non-Cooperation Movement, relying on Gandhi’s philosophy of taking the peaceful route to Swaraj. When Gandhiji withdrew from the movement as a result of the Chauri Chaura incident, his faith in nonviolence weakened. He began to believe that the only way to drive the British out of the country would be through armed rebellion.

  • Two events in his high school years shaped his view of strength:
  • During his time at National College, he would attend classes during the day and spend the evenings discussing the revolution with his friends. 
  • He contacted the leader of the Bengal Revolutionary Party, Sachindranath Sanyal, to join his party. But he could only join the party if he was prepared to leave his home immediately if called upon. Later, he agreed and left home in the wake of his impending marriage.
  • In 1924, He arrived in Kanpur and joined the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), founded a year before by Sachindranath Sanyal. However, Chandra Shekhar Azad was the Association’s primary organizer, and Singh quickly became close to him.
  • He worked as a newspaper vendor. Ganesh Vidyarthi, a revolutionary, hired him at his periodical office.
  • In 1925, He had to return home to attend to his sick grandmother. He supported Akali Dal’s meetings.
  • In 1926, He founded the Naujawan Bharat Sabha, an organization that aimed to rally peasants and workers against British rule.
  • In April 1926, Bhagat Singh interacted with Sohan Singh Josh and, through him, the ‘Workers and Peasants Party,’ which published the Gurmukhi-language monthly magazine “Kirti.”
  • For the next year, He worked with Josh and joined the editorial board of Kirti.
  • In 1927, He was first arrested on suspicion of involvement in the Kakori Case due to a piece he wrote under the alias Vidrohi (Rebel).
  • He was also charged with being responsible for a bomb explosion during the Dussehra fair in Lahore.
  • Later, He was released for good behaviour in exchange for a heavy security of Rs. 60,000.
  • In 1928, On his insistence, the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was renamed the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
  • In 1931, when Azad was shot at the age of 24, the HSRA collapsed.
  • In Punjab, the Naujawan Bharat Sabha took the place of the HSRA.

The Central Assembly Bombing Case

On April 8, 1929, Bhagat Singh and B.K. Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly and shouted slogans `Inquilab Zindabadand and Samrajya ka nash ho’’ to protest the passage of two oppressive laws, the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Dispute Bill.

  • The aim of throwing a bomb at the Central Legislative Assembly was not to kill anyone but rather to make the deaf hear and to remind the foreign government of its callous exploitation.
  • They also threw pamphlets into the crowd and willingly surrendered.

The Saunders Murder Case/ Second Lahore Conspiracy Case

In 1928, when Lala Lajpat Rai died in a Lathi charge, Bhagat Singh and Rajguru plotted the assassination of James A. Scott, Superintendent of Police, to avenge his death. However, the revolutionaries killed J.P. Saunders by mistake, and this incident became known as the Lahore Conspiracy case (1929).

  • On July 10, 1929, the challan was presented in the special magistrate’s court against 32 people, and the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial began in Central Jail, Lahore.
  • However, the trial could not continue because those on trial who had gone on hunger strike in protest of the poor quality of food and inhumane conditions in the jail could not be produced in court.

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Bhagat Singh Ideology

Bhagat Singh’s political ideology is expressed in three of his writings, as well as numerous statements he made during his trial. In a fascinating article titled “Why I Am an Atheist,” he attempted to explain his differences with other revolutionaries who became devout and God-fearing while imprisoned. 

  • He emphasised that his transformation came about as a result of studying Bakunin, Marx, Lenin, and Trotsky. Nirlamba Swami’s book ‘Common Sense,’ which preached a kind of mystic atheism, also influenced his ideas. His views on socialism and the kind of society he envisioned for India were influenced by Marxism and Russian communism.
  •  He stated that Congress did not stand for any revolutionary force. It fought for the interests of the bourgeoisie, who did not want to lose their property in any struggle. 
  • His opposition to the Congress’s reformist stance, his belief in Marxian Communism, his atheism, and his belief in revolution as a means of restoring the dignity of suppressed and humiliated people were all reasons for his rejection of the Congress. 
  • Further, He described criticism and independent thinking as “two indispensable qualities of the revolutionary.”

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Imprisonment and Death of Bhagat Singh

Viceroy Lord Irwin accelerated the trial of Singh and the others, and a special Tribunal was formed. HSRA attorneys filed several Habeus Corpus petitions on Singh’s behalf, but they were summarily denied by Judge Viscount Dunedin. Political prisoners raised patriotic slogans in court. Their favorite song, “Mera rang de basanti chola, Ma, mera rang de basanti chola,” had a patriotic effect on the youth. On October 7, 1930, the verdict in the Lahore Conspiracy Case was delivered. 

  • The tribunal concluded with the execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev.
  • Life imprisonment sentences were delivered for Dr. Gaya Prasad, Jai Dev Kapur, Bejoy Kumar Sinha, Kishori Lai Rattan, Sheo (Shiv) Verma, Mahabir Singh, and Kamal Nath Tiwari; Kundal Lai Gupta received a seven-year sentence, while Prem Dutt received a five-year sentence.
  • On March 23, 1931, at 7 p.m., Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru, and Sukhdev were hanged. They continued to raise the slogans “Inquilab Zindabad,” “Down with the Union Jack,” and “Down with British Imperialism” cheerfully.

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Bhagat Singh Jayanti

His birthday, September 28, is observed as Bhagat Singh Jayanti, and on this auspicious day, every Indian remembers his contributions and pays tribute to him. He is known as Sahid Bhagat Singh, the freedom fighter who willingly gave his life for the sake of his motherland.

Famous Quotes by Bhagat Singh

Some of Bhagat Singh’s famous quotes are as follows:

  • They may kill me, but they cannot kill my ideas. They can crush my body, but they will not be able to crush my spirit.
  • “If the deaf have to hear, the sound has to be very loud.”
  • A revolution did not start with bombs and pistols. The revolution’s sword is sharpened on the whetting stone of ideas.
  • Revolution is an inalienable right of mankind. Freedom is an imperishable birthright of all. Labour is the real sustainer of society.
  • I am full of ambition, hope, and charm in life. But I can renounce everything in time of need.

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Key facts about Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh Date of Birth and Death

Bhagat Singh’s date of birth

28 September, 1907

Bhagat Singh birth place

Lyallpur, western Punjab, India (now in Pakistan)

Bhagat Singh Family
  • Father- Kishan Singh (Member of Ghadar Party)
  • Mother- Vidyavati Kaur
  • Paternal Uncles- Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh.

Bhagat Singh Political Party
  • Naujawan Bharat Sabha
  • Hindustan Republican Association, Later known as Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

Death

23 March 1931

Bhagat Singh Death Age

23 Years

Conclusion

Bhagat Singh was a hero of the Indian independence movement in the early twentieth century. He is significant because he embodied the character and temperament of his era’s revolutionaries. He was a political activist as well as a social thinker. His ideas are as significant as his martyrdom. 

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Bhagat Singh - FAQs

Bhagat Singh was an Indian revolutionary freedom fighter in the third decade of the twentieth century who happily sacrificed his life for the sake of his country at the age of 23.

He was born on September 27, 1907, in Lyallpur, western Punjab, India (now Pakistan), and died on March 23, 1931, in Lahore, Pakistan, as a revolutionary hero of the Indian freedom struggle.

The Naujawan Bharat Sabha was founded by Bhagat Singh in 1926 as an organisation that sought independence by uniting young people from the working and peasant classes.

The Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA) was founded in 1928 at Feroz Shah Kotla in New Delhi by Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, Chandrasekhar Azad, and others.

“They may kill me, but they cannot kill my ideas. They can crush my body, but they will not be able to crush my spirit.”
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