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Home / IAS Preparation / Coastal Erosion India

Coastal Erosion - Meaning, Causes, Effects, Preventive Measures, Importance & More

Last Updated on Jul 11, 2023
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Coastal erosion is a natural phenomenon. It happens when there is not enough fresh material being deposited onto the beach to balance off the transfer of material away from the shoreline. Numerous coastal landforms experience natural quasi-periodic cycles of erosion and accretion over periods of time ranging from days to years.

Source: USGS.gov

In this article, we will cover the entire Coastal Erosion in general, Recent News and Findings, What is coastal erosion? Coastal erosion in the Indian context, Causes of coastal erosion, Coastal erosion effects, and some of the key highlights.

Coastal erosion is one of the important topics in the Geography of GS Paper I (Prelims) and GS Paper I (Mains) for the UPSC IAS exam.

Download Geography UPSC Notes to ace your preparation!

Importance of Coastline

India's coastline plays a crucial role in controlling the country's coasts and achieving sustainability.

  • With a 7,516.6 km long coastline and an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 2.02 million sq. km, India has rich marine resources.
  • Effective use of these resources is important for inclusive growth. It also supports initiatives like Make in India.
  • The sustainable use of ocean resources can contribute to India's economic growth and sustainable development.
  • Coastal ecosystems support community development, decentralized governance, and good governance practices.
  • Coastal infrastructure development promotes eco-friendly tourism and creates employment opportunities.
  • The development of fishing resources and mariculture can improve livelihoods. They support the fishery sector at large.
  • The oceans also provide energy sources like petroleum, gas hydrates, and tidal energy.
  • Coastal resources contribute to food safety, nutrition, and reducing malnutrition.
  • Improved connectivity along the coastline enhances transportation and lowers logistics costs, benefiting trade.

Read more about coastal plains in India!

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What is Coastal Erosion?

Coastal erosion is the process by which local sea-level rise, powerful wave action, and coastal flooding destroy or carry away rocks or sands along the shore.

  • Erosion and Accretion are mutually supportive processes. Sand and other sediments must have gathered elsewhere if they have migrated from one side.
  • It involves the loss of land and human habitation due to seawater washing away portions of the soil along the shoreline.
  • On the other hand, soil accretion results in a rise in land area.
  • If current beaches are reduced in size or disappear entirely, recreational activities may be impacted. The way of life in coastal areas may also be affected.

Read more about Erosional Landforms.

Effects of Coastal Erosion
  • Coastal erosion contributes to the loss of animal habitat as well as economic loss to the fishing industry.
  • Coastal erosion makes the landscape vulnerable, and in addition to this, climate change threatens these regions by rising sea levels and causing coastal floods all around the planet.
  • Coastal erosion has a huge economic impact in addition to environmental and social ones. Some of the economic impacts are damage to property, loss of tourism, shipping, trade, fishing, etc.
  • Coastal erosion is an increasing worry for countries all over the world due to lost land and ruined assets, as well as reduced revenue potential due to the threat it poses to tourism and other industries.
  • Recreational activities and the food industry are affected by coastal erosion, which in turn impacts local employment and income.

Know more about Erosion Surfaces!

How to Control Coastal Erosion?

Coastal Erosion can be controlled by various methods, and they are listed below

  • Control of Beach Groundwater Table or Beach Dewatering System
  • Vegetation Planting
  • Use of Geo-synthetic Tubes / Bags
  • Artificial Beach Nourishment
  • Protective Structures – Seawalls, Revetments
  • Structures to Trap Sediment Movement
  • Combination of Artificial Beach Nourishment & Structures

Plants used to prevent coastal erosion

  • The best defence against sea storms and erosion is known to be coastal habitats like mangroves, coral reefs, and lagoons because they can deflect and absorb a lot of the energy of sea storms. Thus, it is crucial to preserve these natural areas for both environmental conservation and shore protection.
  • One of the greatest trees for preventing soil erosion in the coastal region is the mangrove forest. The mangrove plants’ roots do a great job of holding dirt in place.
  • Mangroves provide stress absorption. They lessen tidal and wave heights, safeguard coastlines from erosion, and also lessen cyclone and tsunami-related catastrophes.

Learn more about Marine Mineral Resources here!

What is India doing to protect the coastline?

The management of coastal areas in India is being promoted through various initiatives. Some of these measures include:

  • Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ): The MoEFCC introduced the CRZ notification in 1991. It aims to control activities in coastal regions and conserve the coastal environment.
  • National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management: This center works towards integrated and sustainable management of coastal ecosystems. It works to benefit the local coastal communities.
  • Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan: This approach aims to manage the coast by considering all aspects of the coastal zone. This includes physical and political boundaries to achieve sustainability.

Learn more about the Marine Protected Areas in India here!

Causes of Coastal Erosion in India

Following are some of the major causes of coastal erosion in India:

Natural causes of coastal erosion

  • Waves: Waves are the most important natural cause of coastal erosion. They break against the shoreline and erode the coast over time.
  • Currents: Currents can erode the coast by carrying away sand and other sediments.
  • Tides: Tides can erode the coast by causing sea levels to rise and fall.
  • Storms: Storms, such as hurricanes and typhoons, can cause severe coastal erosion. They generate large waves and storm surges.

Man-made causes of coastal erosion

  • Coastal development: The construction of seawalls, breakwaters, and marinas can alter the natural flow of waves and currents. This leads to increased coastal erosion.
  • Deforestation: Deforestation can lead to increased coastal erosion by removing trees and other vegetation that help to hold soil in place.
  • Climate change: Climate change is causing sea levels to rise and storms to become more intense. Both of these can accelerate coastal erosion.

Also, read Causes of Tsunami here for UPSC Geography Preparation.

Way Forward
  • The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and/or Ministry of Home Affairs may develop suitable norms for erosion mitigation measures to prevent erosion, and both the Union and the State Governments develop a policy to deal with the significant population displacement brought on by coastal and river erosion, as had been suggested by the XVth Finance Commission.
  • The National Disaster Mitigation Fund‘s (NDMF) “Mitigation Measures to Prevent Erosion” and the NDRF’s “Resettlement of Displaced People Affected by Erosion” funds have both received specific recommendations from the Commission (National Disaster Response Fund).

Conclusion

The coastal areas where land and water meet are biologically sensitive and dynamic because marine and coastal ecosystems constantly interact. These areas have a diverse ecosystem that includes mangroves, water features, seaweed, coral reefs, fisheries, other marine life, and other coastal and marine flora. These ecosystems safeguard the area from saline winds, cyclones, tsunami waves, etc. They also support carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and the provision of raw materials for various manufacturing processes. Therefore, coastline erosion has put us in a precarious predicament that we must resolve.

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UPSC Previous Year Questions on Coastal Erosion India

Q 1. In India, the problem of soil erosion is associated with which of the following? (Prelims – 2014)

  • Terrace cultivation
  • Deforestation
  • Tropical climate

Select the correct answer using the code given below

  • 1 and 2 only
  • 2 only
  • 1 and 3 only
  • 1, 2 and 3

Download the PDF on Coastal Erosion notes for the UPSC Exam here.

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Coastal Erosion India FAQs

West Bengal saw the most erosion during this time, with 60% of its coastline eroding, followed by Puducherry (56%), Kerala (41%), and Tamil Nadu (41%).

Coastal erosion is the process by which local sea-level rise, wave action, and coastal flooding carry away rocks, soils, or sands along the shore which leads to the wearing away of land and removal of beach sediments.

There are three types of causes of coastal erosion Anthropogenic Activities, Littoral Drift, and Natural Occurrences.

One of the major consequences of coastal erosion is landmass weakening and washing away due to the incoming wind, water, and debris.

Coastal Erosion is affected by various factors such as High winds, Wave Action, Wave currents, and Tidal currents.
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