UPSC Exams
Latest Update
Coaching
UPSC Current Affairs
Syllabus
UPSC Notes
Previous Year Papers
Mock Tests
UPSC Editorial
Bilateral Ties
Books
Government Schemes
Topics
Cropping Patterns in India - Definition, Types of Cropping Patterns, Importance, Issues & More
IMPORTANT LINKS
India is known for its rich agricultural heritage and diverse cropping patterns. The country's vast geographical and climatic variations provide a favorable environment for growing a wide range of crops. In this article, we will explore the different types of crops cultivated in India, understand the cropping system followed by farmers, and learn about the significance of crops in India. So, let's dive into the colorful world of crops and discover the agricultural diversity of our country!
If you're aiming to crack the UPSC IAS exam, this article is a must-read. Boost your preparation by joining UPSC Coaching.
What is Meant by Cropping Pattern?
Cropping pattern refers to the distribution of area under various crops at a specific moment, as well as the changes in this distribution over time and the factors influencing these changes. In India, the cropping pattern is primarily shaped by factors such as rainfall, climate, temperature, and soil type. Technology is a significant determinant of crop patterns. For instance, the widespread adoption of High Yield crop Varieties Seeds and fertilizers in the mid-1960s in regions like Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh led to a substantial increase in wheat production.
Major Cropping Patterns in India
Cropping patterns in India vary across different agro-climatic zones based on factors like soil type, climate, irrigation facilities and market demand. The major cropping patterns in India are:
- Alluvial Plains: Rice-Wheat pattern is dominant in the Indo-Gangetic Plains due to availability of irrigation, fertile soil and favourable climate. Maize and pulses are also grown as inter-crops.
- Plateau Regions: Mixed pattern of cereals, pulses and oilseeds is found in the dry land regions with low rainfall, like the Deccan and Central Highlands. Jowar, bajra, pulses and groundnut are common crops.
- Eastern Coast: Rice-Rice pattern is found due to high temperatures, humid climate and presence of lakes and rivers. Paddy is grown during both kharif and rabi seasons.
- Western Coast: Coconut-Paddy-Banana pattern dominates amid high temperatures and rainfall. Paddy is grown during kharif, while coconut and banana are perennial crops.
- Southern Region: Rice-Ragi-Maize pattern is common due to undulating topography and mixed soils. Rice is grown in low lying fields, while ragi and maize are grown in uplands.
- Himalayan Region: Wheat-Maize pattern is widespread in the upper Himalayan valleys due to short growing seasons. Apple and other temperate fruits are grown in orchards.
The cropping patterns in the country have been changing over time due to factors like increasing irrigation facilities, adoption of high-yielding varieties, development of new crop technologies, changing demands, government policies and incentives. However, changes are more visible in irrigated areas compared to rain-fed regions.
Learn about Richter Scale here.
Factors Used to Determine Cropping Patterns
- Climate: Prevailing climatic conditions, including temperature, rainfall, and humidity, guide the selection of crops suitable for a region.
- Soil Type: Varying nutrient levels, water-holding capacity, and drainage characteristics of different soils impact crop selection and adaptability.
- Water Availability: The presence of water resources, whether through irrigation facilities or rainfall patterns, influences crop choices and water requirements.
- Market Demand: Farmers consider demand and market prices for various crops to ensure the profitability and marketability of their produce.
- Farming Practices: Traditional or local farming practices, along with the availability of machinery, equipment, and labor, contribute to determining the cropping pattern.
- Farm Size: The size of the farm and available resources affect the feasibility of implementing specific cropping patterns.
- Government Policies: Government policies, subsidies, and support for specific crops can influence farmers' choices and the overall cropping pattern.
- Crop Suitability and Yield Potential: The adaptability of crops to local conditions and their potential yield in a region are crucial factors in selecting cropping patterns.
- Pest and Disease Management: The prevalence of pests and diseases in a region can influence crop choices and the need for crop rotation or intercropping to manage challenges.
- Farmer’s Knowledge and Experience: The knowledge, skills, and experience of farmers in a region also influence the selection of crops and cropping patterns.
Also, study the Types of Crops in India from the linked article.
Significance of Crops in India
Crops play a vital role in India's economy and provide sustenance to millions of people. Here are some reasons why crops are significant in India:
- Food Security: Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for a significant portion of India's population. Crops provide essential food items for domestic consumption, ensuring food security and reducing dependence on imports.
- Economic Contribution: Crop production contributes significantly to India's economy. The agricultural sector provides employment opportunities for a large number of people, especially in rural areas. Additionally, crops contribute to India's export earnings, generating foreign exchange.
- Subsistence Farming: Many farmers in India rely on subsistence farming, growing crops primarily for their consumption. This practice ensures self-sufficiency and reduces dependency on external food sources.
- Cultural Importance: Crops hold cultural and religious significance in India. Festivals and rituals often revolve around harvest seasons and agricultural practices. Crops such as rice, wheat, and pulses are integral to traditional Indian cuisine and cultural traditions.
- Biodiversity Conservation: India is known for its rich agricultural biodiversity. Traditional crop varieties, landraces, and indigenous farming practices help preserve genetic diversity and maintain ecological balance.
- Rural Development: Crop production plays a crucial role in rural development, addressing issues like poverty alleviation income generation, and reducing regional disparities. It provides opportunities for skill development, infrastructure development, and market linkages.
- Climate Resilience: Diverse crop cultivation practices contribute to climate resilience. By growing a variety of crops suited to different agro-climatic regions, India can mitigate risks associated with climate change and maintain agricultural productivity.
Learn the concept of Seismology here.
Types of Crops in India
India cultivates a diverse range of crops encompassing cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables, spices, and cash crops.
India's agricultural landscape includes various crops. Cereal crops like rice, wheat, maize, millets (such as jowar, bajra, and ragi), and barley hold significant importance.
- Cereal Crops: Like rice, wheat, maize, millets (such as jowar, bajra, and ragi), and barley hold significant importance.
- Pulses: Lentils, chickpeas, pigeon peas, and black gram are commonly grown pulse crops that provide a good source of protein.
- Oilseeds: Mustard, groundnut, sesame, sunflower, and soybean are some of the oilseed crops grown for oil extraction.
- Fruits: Mangoes, bananas, apples, oranges, guavas, and grapes are popular fruit crops grown in different regions of India.
- Vegetables: Tomatoes, potatoes, onions, carrots, cucumbers, and brinjals are among the various vegetables cultivated across the country.
- Spices: India is renowned for its spices, including chili, turmeric, cumin, coriander, black pepper, and cardamom.
Understand the Structure of Earth here.
Conclusion
The cropping patterns and types of crops in India reflect the country's agricultural diversity and the importance of agriculture in its economy. From cereals to fruits, vegetables to spices, each crop has its significance and contributes to food security, livelihoods, and rural development. As we continue to appreciate the abundance of crops in India, it is crucial to support sustainable farming practices, conserve natural resources, and promote agricultural innovation. By doing so, we can ensure the continued prosperity of our agricultural sector, the well-being of farmers, and the availability of diverse and nutritious food for our growing population. Let us cherish the invaluable contributions of crops in India and work towards a sustainable and thriving agricultural future.
Get comprehensive exam notes from Testbook, ensuring quality in content, live tests, GK, mocks, and more. Ace your preparation with the Testbook App!
Cropping Patterns in India FAQs
What are cropping patterns?
Cropping patterns refer to the specific arrangement and sequence of crops grown in a particular region or farm throughout the year.
Why are cropping patterns important?
Cropping patterns are important because they help farmers maximize land utilization, optimize water and nutrient resources, and minimize the risk of crop failure due to climatic factors.
What factors influence cropping patterns in India?
Cropping patterns in India are influenced by factors such as climate, availability of water, soil fertility, market demand, and government policies.
What is the difference between Kharif and Rabi crops?
Kharif crops are sown in the monsoon season (June-September) and harvested in September-October, while Rabi crops are sown in the winter season (October-December) and harvested in March-April.
What are cash crops?
Cash crops are crops that are grown primarily for commercial purposes rather than for subsistence. They include crops like cotton, sugarcane, tea, coffee, and tobacco.
Which are the major food crops in India?
The major food crops in India include rice, wheat, maize, millets, pulses (such as lentils and chickpeas), and oilseeds (such as mustard and groundnut).