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Home / IAS Preparation / Egypt Non Aligned Movement

Egypt Non-Aligned Movement 1955-1973 - The Role and Legacy of Gamal Abdel Nasser!

Last Updated on Jul 23, 2024
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The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was constituted during the Cold War as an organization of states that did not seek to officially align themselves with either the United States or the Soviet Union but sought to stay independent or neutral. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah, Yugoslavian President Josip Broz Tito, and Indonesian President Sukarno initiated the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. 

In this article, let us look at what is a Non-Aligned Movement, its history, and the reason behind its formation, Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement, the role and legacy of Gamal Abdel Nasser for the UPSC IAS Examination, since the topic is important from the context of the World History section which is a part of UPSC mains GS I and II paper.

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Egypt Non-Aligned Movement 1955-1973: Historical Background
  • The notion of not aligning a nation’s policy with others can be traced back to the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) when the non-involvement of Switzerland, by which that nation would keep out of others’ clashes or conflicts was recognized.
  • The fundamental concept for NAM emerged in 1955 during discussions that took place at the Asia-Afrika Bandung Conference held in Indonesia.
  • The movement stemmed in the 1950s as an attempt by some nations to avoid the biased world of the Cold war among the Soviet communist nations affiliated with the Warsaw Pact and the pro-American capitalist nations pertaining to NATO (The North Atlantic Treaty Organization).
  • The Non-Aligned Movement was constituted in 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
  • The Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, together with the Yugoslavian President Josip Broz Tito, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia played a key role in the initial days of the Non-Aligned Movement.
  • Subsequent to the Egyptian revolution of 1952 and president Nasser’s charismatic power in other Arab nations, other nations in the Arab world followed the Egyptian lead in joining the Non-Aligned Movement.
  • This led to the first conference of the heads of Non-Aligned nations. The term non-aligned movement was initially featured in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating nations were designated as “members of the movement”.
  • Non-alignment was about maintaining the independence of judgment and liberty of political action.
  • After the Camp David Accords of 1978, some Arab nations and Cuba firmly criticized Egypt with the representatives of Iraq demanding for suspension of Egypt’s membership in the NAM. This initiative was opposed by India and Yugoslavia as a matter of principle with Yugoslavia highlighting its discontent with the failure of Egypt to ensure earlier an Arab common stance for the Camp David negotiations.
  • The Havana Declaration of 1979 expressed the intent of the organization which ensured “the national independence, supremacy, regional integrity and security of non-aligned nations” in their battle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all kinds of external subjugation.

What is a Non-Aligned Movement?

  • The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a form of 120 developing nations of the world that are not officially aligned with or against any major power bloc. It is an organization of states that did not formally align or conform with the US or USSR and wished to stay independent.
  • NAM was founded in 1961 with the aim to “create an independent path in world politics that would not result in the member states becoming pawns in the struggles or confrontations of the main powers”.
  • After the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is the major grouping of nations across the globe.

Why was NAM Formed?

  • The main purpose of the Non-Aligned Movement was to promote the economic advancement of newly independent nations and work towards the elimination of imperialism and colonialism.
  • The chief founders of the movement were Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Joseph Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, and Jawaharlal Nehru of India.
  • By the end of World War II, the former allies had split into the Warsaw Pact led by the Soviet Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) led by the United States.
  • Egypt and India, being newly independent nations, were also enticed by both the blocs to join their respective alliances.
  • But, the leaders of both the nations of India and Egypt understood that being formal members of either the Warsaw Pact or NATO would require these two nations to dictate their internal affairs.
  • Therefore, the necessity for a Non-Aligned Movement was realized.

When did Egypt join the Non-Alignment Movement?

  • Egypt, under its president Nasser, played a pioneering task in the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and still continues to be a significant member of the NAM.
  • Egypt, a founding member of NAM has played a key role not just in establishing the NAM at the first summit in Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia in 1961, but its role commenced prior to the emergence of the movement as well, when Egypt served a leading role in evolving the idea of its creation and then transformed this idea into a significant body on the ground, since the very beginning of the 1955 Bandung Conference.

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Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement

  • Egypt was one of the Non-Aligned Movement’s (NAM) founding members.
  • The introductory meeting for the First NAM Conference in Belgrade was conducted in Cairo between 5th and 12th June 1961. The first NAM conference was sponsored jointly by the President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, and President of Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito who forwarded a joint letter to other leaders during their bilateral meeting in Egypt.
  • Cairo convened the Second Conference in October 1964, which was attended by forty-seven nations.
  • The Egyptian Red Sea resort Sharm el-Sheik organized the Fifteenth Conference in 2009. At the time of the Sharm el-Sheik Conference, 118 nations took part in the activities of the movement with a few other nations having the observer status. 55 heads of states were engaged in the 2009 conference.
  • Official Egyptian state institutions view the movement as the broadest and the most significant framework for developing nations to coordinate their positions relating to issues on the agenda of the United Nations and to act collectively against unilateral policies.

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Gamal Abdul Nasser and Non-Alignment

Egypt, under the leadership of Nasser, played a pioneering role in the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and even now pursues to be a significant member of the NAM.

Role of Gamal Abdel Nasser

  • President Nasser’s conception of Afro-Asian solidarity molded the formative years of NAM.
  • Subsequent to the 1952 Egyptian revolution and the rise of Nasser as a powerful figure, his strategies started affecting the entire Arab world. His adoption of a non-aligned approach encouraged other Arab countries to turn impartial in their approach to diplomacy in relation to the Western and Eastern bloc.
  • The neutrality of Egypt indicated that the Middle East could be free from Western influence, even though they deemed Egypt to be creeping closer to the Soviet bloc.
  • Increasingly after 1955, Nasser and the Egyptian press stressed on neutralism or non alignment with either of the power blocs of the world as the foreign policy best appropriate for the newly liberated colonies of Africa and Asia.

Legacy of Gamal Abdel Nasser

  • Nasser’s conception of a Non-Aligned grouping implied a collective gathering of the evolving South where they could secure their entire liberty or freedom, be it in examining the problems, in assessing their details or in finding logical solutions to them.
  • In other words, Nasser proposed least interference of power blocs in the foreign policy making of newly independent states of Asia and Africa.
  • Ruling Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970, Nasser stands as a symbol of dignity, anti-Zionism, anti- colonialism, pan-Arabism and on top of all, social justice for many.
  • The emotion voiced by President Nasser and his vision for solidarity of evolving nations is pertinent even today.

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Concluding Remarks
  • The Non-Aligned Movement is called upon to sustain a leading role in current international relations in defense of its member nations’ preferences and priorities, as well as for the attainment of peace and security for mankind, in light of the objectives yet to be realized and the new challenges that are stemming.
  • At a time, where the nations are transitioning from decreasing confrontation to rising cooperation, the NAM’s new focus must be on weeding out poverty, hunger, malnutrition and illiteracy.
  • NAM should also draw up a progressive agenda on the basic values of democracy, human rights and multiculturalism.
  • There are many concerns rising globally like greenhouse gas emissions, health concerns, drug trafficking, etc. to which the NAM’s spectrum could be widened.
  • A revitalization of NAM would be beneficial, for it to meet the 21st century needs of the third world nations more effectively.

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Egypt Non-Aligned Movement 1955-1973 FAQs

Egypt was one among the Non-Aligned Movement's (NAM) founding members. The key aim of the Non-Aligned Movement was to promote economic growth of newly independent nations and work towards the abolition of imperialism and colonialism.

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 developing nations across the world that are not officially aligned with or against any important power bloc.

The Havana Declaration of 1979 stated that the goal of the organization is to assist nations keep "the national independence, supremacy, regional integrity and security of non-aligned nations" in their fight against Imperialism, Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Racism and all kinds of foreign aggression.

The first Non-Aligned summit was held from September 1st to 6th in 1961 in Belgrade, former Yugoslavia, with 29 countries taking part in the conference.

The Non-Aligned Movement was established and had its first summit (the Belgrade Conference) in 1961 under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Sukarno of Indonesia.
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