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Home / IAS Preparation / Exclusive Economic Zone

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): Characteristics, Importance & More | UPSC Notes

Last Updated on Sep 24, 2024
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The Exclusive Economic Zone is a territory outside and near the territorial sea. It refers to a region of the ocean that typically extends 200 nautical miles (230 miles) beyond a nation's territorial sea. Within this zone, a coastal nation holds jurisdiction over both living and nonliving resources. An Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a concept established at the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1982. A coastal State has authority over the exploration and exploitation of marine resources in its neighbouring part of the continental shelf. 

Exclusive Economic Zone is an important topic for the UPSC IAS exam and you should not consider missing out on it as it forms a critical part of geography subject in Mains GS Paper 1 and Prelims GS Paper 1.

This article will help you understand the significance and structure of the Exclusive Economic Zone upsc. Study major topics of the Indian Economy from the perspective of UPSC Exams.

Also, study in detail the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea(ITLOS) here.

GS Paper

General Studies Paper I

Topics for UPSC Prelims

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Exclusive Economic Zone, National Fisheries Policy

Topics for UPSC Mains

Fisheries Agreements, Deep Ocean Mission, Blue Economy Initiatives

Exclusive Economic Zone Definition

The idea of an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) was incorporated into the framework of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 

According to international law, within the boundaries of its designated EEZ, a coastal nation is granted the following:

  • Sovereign privileges for the purposes of investigating, exploiting, conserving, and overseeing the natural resources situated on the seabed, subsoil, and the water column above them.
  • Authority, as established by international law, regarding the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations, and structures; conducting marine scientific research; and safeguarding and preserving the marine environment.
  • Various other rights and obligations that are stipulated under international law.

Characteristics of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Here are some of the characteristics of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):

  • It is an area of the ocean that is close to and beyond the territorial sea.
  • It can extend up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline.
  • The coastal country has sovereign rights over all living and nonliving natural resources within the EEZ.
  • The coastal country has jurisdiction over artificial islands and structures and marine scientific research within the EEZ.
  • The coastal country has the right to regulate navigation and overflight within the EEZ. Yet, freedom of navigation and overflight must be respected.
  • The coastal country must cooperate with other countries to conserve and manage marine resources within the EEZ.

Study about Coastal Plains in India here.

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What are the Rights of the Country in the EEZ?

Natural resource exploration, exploitation, conservation, and management are all covered under sovereign rights. This includes both living and non-living creatures, as well as energy created by natural phenomena such as tides, winds, and currents. Certain issues are subject to the government’s sole authority and jurisdiction.

Artificial islands, off-shore ports, installations, and other structures are among the constructions that can be built, maintained, or operated. Marine research is a field of study. The maritime ecosystem must be protected and preserved. The government also has the authority to approve, regulate, and control scientific research; it also has sole authority to maintain and safeguard the maritime environment, as well as to prevent and manage marine pollution.

Check the details on the National Fisheries Policy Here.

Major Sections of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Territorial Waters

The phrase “territorial waters” refers to any body of water over which a country has authority. Internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, EEZ, and perhaps the continental shelf are all included.

Check out the South China Sea Dispute here.

Territorial Sea

The territorial sea, according to the UNCLOS, is a band of coastal waters extending from the baseline to 12 nautical miles. It is the state’s sovereign territory. The seafloor below and the airspace above are also part of the sovereignty. Foreign ships, both civilian and military, are allowed to sail through it with “innocent passage.” The EEZ begins at the territorial sea’s limit.

Contiguous Zone

It is included in the EEZ. The contiguous zone stretches from the territorial sea’s boundary to 24 nautical miles beyond the baseline or 12 nautical miles beyond the territorial sea. States have limited authority over this zone in order to prevent or punish violations of their customs, immigration, sanitary, or fiscal rules within their territorial waters.

Read the article on the Malabar Exercise Here!

Exclusive Economic Zone of India

The Exclusive Economic Zone of India covers around 2.3 million square kilometers. India has a 7,500-kilometer coastline and includes offshore islands.

  • The Indian Navy handles maritime security, including coastal security and offshore units.
  • It develops maritime cooperation with regional partners for security and development in the region.
  • India's EEZ grants access to resources such as natural gas, oil, minerals, commercial fishing, and international trade.
  • Ships of all countries enjoy the right of innocent passage in India's territorial sea.
  • India has sole authority over the navigation of commercial and transport vessels in its EEZ.

Importance of India's Exclusive Economic Zone

India's maritime position in the Indo-Pacific region has grown in prominence. India benefits from its extensive coastline and large EEZ, which provide access to various resources. India's EEZ supports international trade and commercial activities. India has sole authority over navigation in its EEZ.

Also, check the article on the International Seabed Authority here.

Top 10 Exclusive Economic Zone Around the Globe

Exclusive Economic Zones Around the Globe

Rank

Country

EEZ KM²

SHELF KM²

EEZ+TIA KM²

1

France

11,691,000

730,745

12,366,417

2

United States

11,351,000

2,193,526

21,814,306

3

Australia

8,505,348

2,194,008

16,197,464

4

Russia

7,566,673

3,817,843

24,664,915

5

United Kingdom

6,805,586

872,891

7,048,486

6

Indonesia

6,159,032

2,039,381

8,063,601

7

Canada

5,599,077

2,644,795

15,607,077

8

Japan

4,479,388

214,976

4,857,318

9

New Zealand

4,420,565

272,898

4,688,285

10

Brazil

3,830,955

774,563

12,345,832

This table presents the ranks, countries, their exclusive economic zone (EEZ) sizes in square kilometers (km²), their continental shelf sizes in square kilometers (km²), and the total area including both the EEZ and the extended continental shelf (EEZ+TIA) in square kilometers (km²).

Conclusion

In this article, we analyzed the structure of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). We also tried to understand the significance of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) for India. Besides, we also analyzed the sections and features of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

Key Takeaways for UPSC Aspirants

  • Definition and Scope: The EEZ of India extends to 200 nautical miles from its coast, and regarding this the country is qualified for all rights, within it, that pertain to the exploration and use of resources from the sea. The UNCLOS has recognized this end.
  • Resource Rights: India has sovereign rights for exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing both living (such as fish and other sea life) and non-living natural resources (such as oil, gas and minerals) in her EEZ.
  • Jurisdictional Control: India has jurisdiction over the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations, marine scientific research, and for the protection and preservation of the marine environment in her EEZ.
  • Economic Significance: EEZs are highly significant for the economic interests of India, especially the fishing industry, extracting energy from the offshore, and marine infrastructure projects, and contributes to a considerably higher gain in maritime economy.
  • Security Concerns: EEZ is strategically important to national security. This also requires strong Maritime surveillance and patrol against illegal fishing, smuggling, and unauthorized activities.
  • Environmental Regulation: India should, by effective legislation, ensure that actions taken within its EEZ are in compliance with international environmental laws and thus restore, preserve, and maintain marine biodiversity.
  • Maritime Conflicts Resolution and Cooperation: India will enter into diplomatic diplomacy and international cooperation in order to establish conciliation on maritime conflicts and strengthen collaboration with neighboring countries for resource management and maritime security issues.
  • Technological and Research Initiatives: India invests in marine research and technological advancement for better exploration and utilization of EEZ resources. This contributes to sustainable development, environmental conservation, and mitigation of impacts like climate change on marine ecosystems.

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Exclusive Economic Zone EEZ UPSC FAQs

The Exclusive Economic Zone EEZ is a maritime zone defined by UNCLOS. It extends up to 200 nautical miles from a coastal state's baseline, where the state has special rights and jurisdiction over marine resources.

The Exclusive Economic Zone EEZ extends up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state.

The Indian Exclusive Economic Zone EEZ covers an area of approximately 2.02 million square kilometers.

France has the largest EEZ. It covers approximately 11 million square kilometers due to its overseas territories and departments.

The EEZ policy of a coastal state outlines its regulations and approach to the sustainable utilization of marine resources within its EEZ.

The EEZ zone limit is set at 200 nautical miles from the baseline of the coastal state, unless it overlaps with another state's EEZ.
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