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Home / IAS Preparation / Lord Minto

Lord Minto - Background, Early Life, Career as Viceroy & Governor General, Legacy & More

Last Updated on Nov 02, 2023
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Lord Minto, or Gilbert Elliot, was a Viceroy of India from 1905 to 1910 and was the fourth earl of Minto. Before being transferred to India by A. J. Balfour’s Tories, Lord Minto, a great-grandson of the first earl, who had been the Whig governor general of India from 1807 to 1813, held the position of governor-general of Canada from 1898 to 1904.

Lord Minto is one of the important topics of the UPSC IAS exam. It covers a significant part of the Modern History subject in the Mains General Studies Paper-1 syllabus and General Studies Paper-1 of the UPSC Prelims Syllabus.

This article will cover the entire Lord Minto 1905-10, background on Lord Minto, the Early Life and Career of Lord Minto, the Viceroy and Governor General of India, Surat-Split of congress (1907), Morley-Minto reforms (1909), the Legacy of Lord Minto.

Who was Lord Minto (Gilbert Elliot)?

Lord Minto, also known as Gilbert Elliot, was a prominent British statesman and colonial administrator. He served as the Governor General of India from 1807 to 1813. He was born on April 23, 1751, in Edinburgh, Scotland. He belonged to a prominent Scottish political family.

Background on Lord Minto

The 4th Earl of Minto was the great-grandson of Lord Minto, the Governor General of India from 1807 to 1813. Minto served as India’s Viceroy and Governor-General from 1905 to 1910. He took over for Lord Curzon in November 1905. The Tory aristocrat Minto arrived in India with a wealth of knowledge. He had fought in the military in Egypt, Canada, and the Second Afghan War, among other places.

In 1905, amid the height of the uprising against the Partition of Bengal, Minto came to India. The turmoil persisted despite a plethora of restrictive measures. In addition to harsh newspaper criticism and remarks on public platforms, there was subterranean revolutionary action.

A new generation of patriots, primarily educated and young, who adhered to the worship of the bomb and pistol and were ready to fly the flag of independence at all costs opposed Minto. The Congress, which desired popular participation in administration, also voiced resistance to Minto.

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Early Life and Career of Lord Minto

William Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 3rd Earl of Minto, and Emma, a daughter of General Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet, welcomed Minto into the world in London. He acquired the honorific title of Viscount Melgund following the passing of his grandfather in 1859. He was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Scots Guards in 1867 after finishing his studies at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, but departed in 1870.

As a commander, he enlisted in the 1st Roxburghshire Mounted Rifle Volunteer Corps in 1872. He witnessed the Carlist operations in Spain in 1874 while working as a newspaper correspondent; in 1877, he joined the Turkish army in its conflict with Russia; and in 1878–1879, he fought alongside Lord Roberts in the second Afghan War after narrowly avoiding joining Sir Louis Cavagnari on his deadly mission to Kabul.

His military career and skills in colonial administration were advanced when he served as Lord Roberts’ private secretary during his trip to the Cape in 1881 and was present with the forces conquering Egypt in 1882. In 1882, he was given the rank of Major. He lived in Canada with his wife, Mary Caroline Grey, sister of Lord Grey, governor-general from 1904 to 1911, whom he married in Britain on July 28, 1883. While the Marquess of Lansdowne served as governor-general of Canada from 1883 to 1885, he was military secretary, and the couple had been married in Britain.

In preparation for his first trip to Canada, he worked hard to recruit Canadian volunteers to join the British Army in the Sudan Campaign in 1884. At the time of the Riel Rebellion in 1885, he was General Middleton’s chief of staff. He declined the opportunity to lead the North-West Mounted Police and chose to work in British politics instead. Telling him, “I shall not live to see it, but someday Canada will welcome you back as Governor-General,” Canadian Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald said this before sending him off to Britain.

In the 1886 general election, where he ran as the Conservative candidate for Hexham, his defeat curbed his political aspirations. Then, he worked tirelessly to encourage the creation of a volunteer army in Great Britain. Upon taking over the South of Scotland Brigade, he was appointed colonel in 1888. In 1889, he turned in his commission. In 1891, he succeeded to his father’s earldom and assumed the title of Earl of Minto.

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Lord Minto as the Viceroy & Governor General Of India
  • Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, served as Viceroy and Governor General of India from 1905 to 1910. He was appointed to the post following the resignation of Lord Curzon.
  • Minto arrived in India at a time of political unrest. The Indian National Congress was growing in strength and popularity. There was a growing demand for self-government. Minto was sympathetic to the demands of the moderates within the Congress. He was also determined to maintain British rule in India.
  • One of Minto's most significant actions as Viceroy was to introduce the Morley-Minto Reforms. These reforms were passed in 1909. It introduced separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims. This was seen by some as a "divide and rule" policy, but it was also seen as a way to give Muslims a greater voice in government.
  • Minto also played a key role in the development of the Muslim League. The Muslim League was founded in 1906 to protect the interests of Muslims in India. Minto encouraged the formation of the League. He saw it as a way to counter the growing influence of the Congress.
  • Minto's tenure as Viceroy was not without controversy. He was criticized by some for his close relationship with the Muslim League. He was also criticized for his handling of the Indian nationalist movement. However, he is also credited with helping to lay the foundation for the eventual independence of India.

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Significant Events under Lord Minto (1905-1910)

Establishment of Muslim League (1906)

When the British divided Bengal to allocate a separate administrative region for Muslims. An effort was made to identify Muslims as distinct political entities by establishing the Muslim League. Lord Minto invited the Muslim leaders to Shimla in 1906 and recommended the formation of the Muslim League. Nawab Salimullah, who was also crucial in the division of Bengal, played a part in the founding of the Muslim League.

The Muslim League would be a political and cultural organization as originally intended. Muslims have doubts about this concept as well. At first, there was little tension between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress (INC). Any INC member who wanted to join the Muslim League may do so, and vice versa. The first President of the Muslim League was Aga Khan.

Surat-Split of Congress (1907)

Lord Minto II served as Viceroy during the Surat Split of Congress, and Dr. Rash Bihari Ghosh presided over the Indian National Congress Session. When Gokhale presided over the Indian National Congress session in Banaras in December 1905, the Moderate-Extremist rift broke out. The extremists wanted to integrate all kinds of associations into the Boycott and Swadeshi Movements and extend them beyond Bengal.

During the Surat Session of 1907, a divide between the Moderates and the Extremists developed. On the other hand, the Moderates were strongly opposed to expanding the movement beyond Bengal and to boycotting councils and other similar institutions. As a result, the Moderates decided to split, and Congress followed suit in Surat in December 1907.

Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)

The Indian Council Act of 1909 is also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms. It established distinct electorates based on religion and was implemented to please the moderates (Congress). Because of this, Lord Minto earned the title “Father of the Communal Electorate” in India.

The Morley-Minto Reform, named after the Secretary of State and the Viceroy, was another name for the 1909 Indian Council Act. It was put into practice to appease the moderates. The national and provincial legislative councils now have additional members as a result of this statute. However, only a few individuals who served on these councils were elected officials.

Additionally, rather than being chosen by the general people, landowners, trade and business associations, institutions, and local governments selected the elected members. The British introduced communal electorates as part of these reforms. This was done to foment animosity between Muslims and Hindus. Muslim voters will choose several council seats that have been reserved for Muslims.

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Legacy Of Lord Minto

The Earl of Minto's reputation persisted in Canada, together with Rockcliffe, Ottawa's Minto Place, Vancouver's Minto, and the SS Minto, a well-known steamer on the Arrow Lakes, Minto City. It was a gold-mining company town formed in 1936. In honour of the Earl, the towns of Minto, Ontario, and Mount Minto in far-northern British Columbia were given their names.

In addition, Minto, New Brunswick, was given a new name in his honour. In the denomination’s variants from 1900 and 1902, the Earl of Minto and Lady Minto were depicted on the bill’s reverse. In a roundabout way, the Canadian town of Minto, Ontario, is directly responsible for the name of the American town of Minto, North Dakota. In India’s Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), he is honoured in Minto Park. The school that gave rise to Aligarh Muslim University was known behind him as Minto Circle due to his kind support of the new school buildings.

The majority of the ministers in the Bangladeshi government reside on Minto Road, which is named in honor of Lord Minto. Minto Park and Minto Hospital in Lahore, which have since been changed but are still well-known by that name, were also inspired by him. His name is also on the Minto Ophthalmic Hospital in Bangalore. It is the oldest eye hospital in India and one of the largest and busiest in the country.

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Conclusion

Lord Minto watched and participated in numerous events that would forever change the course of the subcontinent during his five years as the Viceroy of India. The establishment of distinct electorates changed the balance of power in the fight for Indian independence, although it initially seemed like a token gesture. The stage was already prepared for events that would eventually lead to one of the century’s worst divisions, the Partition of India, even though later developments would determine the subcontinent’s future.

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UPSC Mains Practice Question

Q.1 Explain the negative effects of Lord Minto’s regime on contemporary India. (250 words)

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Lord Minto - FAQs

The fourth Earl of Minto, Gilbert Elliot Murray Kynynmound, served as India's 17th Viceroy. Prior to his appointment as viceroy, he also served as Canada's eighth Governor-General.

Yes, Minto was chosen to be the Viceroy of India in 1905.

Lord Minto is famous for many negative things such as Muslim League, Surat Split, and Morley-Minto reforms.

Lord Minto was governor-general of India between 1905-10.

Rash Behari Bose, threw a bomb on Lord Minto.
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