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Home / IAS Preparation / NAMASTE Scheme UPSC Notes

NAMASTE Scheme UPSC Notes: Key Features & the Status of Manual Scavenging in India

Last Updated on May 31, 2025
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The NAMASTE Scheme (National Action for Mechanized Sanitation Ecosystem) is an important initiative by the Indian government to end the practice of manual scavenging. Manual scavenging is when people clean human waste from toilets, sewers, and septic tanks with their hands. This practice is very dangerous and harms the health and dignity of those involved. The NAMASTE Scheme aims to stop this by using machines to clean these areas. It helps make the work safer and more respectful for the workers. The scheme was launched in 2020 and provides money and support to local bodies to set up these machines. The goal is to improve sanitation and ensure the workers are safe and treated with dignity.

The NAMASTE Scheme is important for the General Studies Paper II in the UPSC Civil Services Exam. This paper covers topics like Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations. It is also relevant to General Studies Paper I (Indian Society) as it talks about social justice, human rights, and ending manual scavenging, which is linked to the caste system.

Download the UPSC Practice Questions on the NAMASTE Scheme for Prelims & Mains!

What is NAMASTE Scheme?

GS Paper

General Studies Paper II, General Studies Paper I

Topics for UPSC Prelims

Government Schemes for the Welfare of Marginalized Groups

Topics for UPSC Mains

Social Issues Related to Health, Poverty, Education, and Human Rights

Key Details About the NAMASTE Scheme for UPSC

Aspect

Details

NAMASTE Full form

National Action for Mechanized Sanitation Ecosystem

Implementation Ministry

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE)

Target Group

Sanitation workers (Safai Mitras) involved in hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks.

Objectives

Eliminate hazardous manual entry into sewers and septic tanks, mechanize cleaning operations, provide safety and dignity to sanitation workers, skill development, and financial assistance.

Key Components

Mechanization of cleaning equipment procurement.

Setting up a National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC) portal for database and assistance.

Skill development and training programs.

Provision of safety gear and insurance.

Awareness generation.

Implementation Strategy

Convergence of various government schemes (e.g., Swachh Bharat Mission, National Urban Livelihoods Mission). Focus on Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs).

Current Status (as of April 2025)

The scheme is under implementation, with ongoing efforts to promote mechanization and provide support to sanitation workers across urban local bodies (ULBs). 

The NAMASTE Scheme is a government program designed to end the harmful practice of manual scavenging in India. In manual scavenging, workers clean sewers and septic tanks by hand, putting their lives at risk. The NAMASTE Scheme focuses on replacing manual work with machines that can clean these areas safely. The government provides money and support to local authorities to buy machines like vacuum trucks and robotic cleaners. The scheme also helps workers by offering them training and social benefits like health insurance and pensions. The goal is to make sanitation work safer, healthier, and more respectful.

Objectives of the NAMASTE Scheme

The NAMASTE Scheme has clear goals to improve sanitation and support workers. These objectives include:

  • The main aim is to completely eliminate manual scavenging and replace it with mechanized systems, making sanitation work safer.
  • The scheme focuses on introducing machines that clean sewers and septic tanks without exposing workers to health risks.
  • It offers sanitation workers social security benefits like health insurance and pensions. It also helps them live with dignity by improving their working conditions.
  • The scheme promotes the use of advanced technology, like robotic cleaners and vacuum trucks, to safely manage sanitation tasks.
  • The scheme trains workers to use new machinery, improving their skills and making their work safer and more efficient.

Read the article on Social Empowerment!

Key Features of the NAMASTE Scheme

Here are some important features of the NAMASTE Scheme:

  • The scheme’s main focus is on using machines to replace manual labor. This reduces the risk to workers’ health and makes the work safer.
  • The government provides financial help to local authorities to buy machines, ensuring that they can implement the scheme effectively.
  • The scheme is not just about providing machines; it also offers training, social security for workers, and awareness campaigns to make sure everything works together.
  • The scheme ensures that sanitation workers are treated with dignity. It provides them with benefits like health insurance, pensions, and better working conditions.
  • The scheme encourages the use of modern, safe technologies for sanitation work, which is a more effective and long-lasting solution.

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Current Status of Manual Scavenging in India

Despite legal prohibitions, manual scavenging persists in India, posing significant challenges:

  • Continued Practice: While many districts claim to be manual scavenging-free, the practice continues, often disguised as "hazardous cleaning," particularly in sewer and septic tank maintenance.
  • Definition Issues: A narrow definition in the 2013 Act excludes some hazardous sanitation work, especially with provision of (often inadequate) gear.
  • Tragic Deaths: Sanitation workers continue to die during sewer and septic tank cleaning due to toxic gases and lack of safety measures. 377 deaths were reported between 2019 and 2023.
  • Caste Linkage: The practice remains overwhelmingly linked to the caste system, with over 90% of manual scavengers belonging to Scheduled Castes.
  • Slow Rehabilitation: Government rehabilitation schemes face implementation challenges, leaving many without adequate support or alternative livelihoods.
  • Mechanization Efforts: Schemes like NAMASTE and Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban 2.0) promote mechanization, but widespread adoption is still needed.
  • Weak Enforcement: Despite laws and Supreme Court directives, enforcement against employing manual scavengers remains weak, with low conviction rates.
  • Supreme Court's Stand: The Supreme Court actively monitors the issue, demanding complete eradication and better compensation for victims (₹30 lakh for death as per recent directives). It has criticized government inaction and demanded accountability.
  • Government Claims: The government stated that 732 out of 766 districts reported themselves as manual scavenging-free as of July 2024.
  • Loopholes: Exploitation of the distinction between "manual scavenging" and "hazardous cleaning" allows the practice to continue.

Read the article on the List of Social Security Schemes in India!

Challenges in the Abolition of Manual Scavenging

While the government has made efforts to end manual scavenging, there are still many challenges:

  • Manual scavenging is linked to the caste system in India, where certain castes are forced to do this work. Changing these long-standing social practices is difficult.
  • In many rural and semi-urban areas, people don’t understand the dangers of manual scavenging or know that it is illegal. This leads to its continued practice.
  • Even though manual scavenging is illegal, it is not always strictly enforced. Local authorities may not take enough action to stop it.
  • Some people resist using mechanized systems because they are costly or because they are not familiar with how they work.

Read the article on the Public Health Challenges in India!

Indian Government Initiatives to Curb Manual Scavenging

The Indian government has taken several steps to reduce manual scavenging:

  • The 2013 Law: The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act bans the practice of manual scavenging and provides for the rehabilitation of those involved in it.
  • The NAMASTE Scheme: This scheme aims to eliminate manual scavenging by replacing manual work with machines and providing social security for sanitation workers.
  • Swachh Bharat Mission: This nationwide campaign aims to improve sanitation by eliminating open defecation and promoting better hygiene practices. It indirectly helps reduce manual scavenging.
  • Training Programs: The government has set up programs to teach workers how to use new machines for sanitation, which improves their skills and safety.

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NAMASTE Scheme UPSC FAQs

The National Safai Karamchari Financial Development Corporation (NSKFDC) is the implementing agency for NAMASTE at the national level.

The NAMASTE Scheme is a government initiative that aims to eliminate manual scavenging by using machines to clean sewers and septic tanks. It also provides social benefits and training to sanitation workers.

The full form of the NAMASTE Scheme is National Action for Mechanized Sanitation Ecosystem.

The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and local urban authorities are responsible for implementing the NAMASTE Scheme.

The scheme provides sanitation workers with social security benefits, such as health insurance and pensions, and trains them to use modern sanitation equipment.

Yes, despite the ban, manual scavenging continues in some parts of India. Thousands of people are still involved in this dangerous work.

The main components include mechanized sanitation, financial support for local bodies, social security for workers, skill development, and awareness campaigns.

The NAMASTE Scheme has been approved for four years, from 2022-23 to 2025-26.

The scheme will cover 500 cities, including those converging with AMRUT cities.

The primary objective of NAMASTE is to enhance the safety and dignity of sanitation workers in urban India by providing them with sustainable livelihoods and improved occupational safety.

Sanitation workers will benefit from NAMASTE through enumeration, insurance coverage, livelihood assistance, access to social security schemes, skill-building support, and the mechanization of cleaning operations.
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