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Home / IAS Preparation / Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Energy: Definition, Types, Nuclear Power and Weapons

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Nuclear is basically the energy from the nucleus. Every item in our environment is made up of smaller parts known as atoms. The nucleus (the core of each atom) contains the majority of the mass, while the cloud of electrons around the nucleus contains the remainder. The nucleus is made up of subatomic particles (called protons and neutrons). In the early stages, nuclear energy was developed keeping in mind its enormous potential as a weapon. Presently many countries are switching to nuclear energy for power generation. Many environmentalists have raised their voice against nuclear power adoption as accidents or mishaps can lead to enormous damage.

Also, read more about Renewable Energy, here.

What is Nuclear Energy?

Nuclear energy is the energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom that is produced through fission or fusion. Every object in our environment, both living and nonliving, is made up of atoms, which are smaller components. There is enormous energy in the bonds that make up the atom.

Atomic Structure

  1. All atoms are made up of a nucleus at the center and electrons that orbit around the nucleus.
  2. The nucleus of the atom is made up of protons and neutrons.
  3. Protons have a positive charge whereas electrons have a negative charge. Neutrons are uncharged particles.
  4. The atomic number of an atom is determined by the number of protons in it.
  5. Atomic mass is determined by the total amount of protons and neutrons.
  6. The mass of a nucleus is always less than sum of the individual masses of the protons and neutrons

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Types of Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Fission

  1. Nuclear fission is the splitting of an atom’s nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei.
  2. When high-energy neutrons strike an unstable heavy nucleus, it breaks into many smaller fragments.
  3. The mass of these pieces, known as fission products, is roughly half that of the initial mass.
  4. There are also two or three neutrons emitted in the process of nuclear fission
  5. The lost mass has been transformed into energy. Fission can take place when a heavy atom’s nucleus catches a neutron. It can also happen on its own, spontaneously.
  6. Nuclear fission can occur without neutron collision as a type of radioactive decay. This is spontaneous fission. It is found only in heavy chemical elements and isotopes. The spontaneous nuclear fission rate is the probability of an atom fissioning spontaneously in a second.
  7. Discovered by Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann, on December 17, 1938
  8. Nuclear fission is used by all commercial nuclear power reactors in operation to create heat, which is then converted into electricity.

Get a detailed understanding of the Environment Protection Act 1986, here.

Nuclear Fusion

  1. Nuclear fusion- Multiple like-charged atomic nuclei come together to produce a heavier nucleus in the process of nuclear fusion.
  2. It leads to the release or absorption of energy.
  3. Fusion of two nuclei with lower mass than iron typically releases energy, whereas fusion of nuclei heavier than iron absorbs energy.
  4. Nuclear Fusion is the process by which the sun emits energy in the form of light and heat
  5. There is no limit to the quantity of fusion that may occur, unlike nuclear fission.
  6. Two hydrogen isotopes, deuterium and tritium are fused to create a helium nucleus and a neutron, in a hydrogen bomb. (Hydrogen is an odorless, tasteless and flammable gas)
  7. It is underdeveloped in the present but offers nearly limitless, low-pollution, and non-proliferative energy

You might also be interested in learning about Ozone Layer Depletion.

Nuclear Reaction
  1. Colliding two nuclei or nuclear particles to generate products that are distinct from the original particles.
  2. An elastic collision occurs when particles meet and separate without affecting their state.
  3. The pace at which nuclear reactions occur is tightly controlled in nuclear power plants, and this control is maintained via the employment of multiple redundant layers of safety precautions.
  4. The nuclear weapons are designed to generate a reaction that is so quick and powerful that it is impossible to control once it has started.

Nuclear Power Generation
  1. Nuclear Fission, particularly the breaking of uranium atoms in a nuclear reactor, is used in nuclear power plants to generate energy using low-enriched uranium fuel.
  2. The energy generated as heat from the continual fission of the atoms in the fuel is utilized to make steam in a nuclear power reactor. Steam is used to power the turbines that generate energy.
  3. One uranium pellet has the same amount of energy as a tonne of coal, three barrels of oil, or 17,000 cubic feet of natural gas.
  4. Nuclear power generates roughly 10% of the world’s electricity. The USA has around 93 operable nuclear power reactors.

Know more about Non-Renewable Energy, here.

India and Nuclear Power

  1. Nuclear power is the fifth largest power source in India.
  2. India has around 22 nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear power plants, with a total installed capacity of 6,780 MW
  3. The Tarapur Nuclear Reactor in Maharashtra, Western India, is the country’s oldest nuclear power plant. It commenced operations in 1969
  4. Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) operates 7 nuclear power plants in India.
  5. They are located at the following places- Kaiga (Karnataka), Tarapur (Maharashtra), Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu), Kakrapar (Gujarat), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Rawatbhat (Rajasthan)
  6. India’s Three Stage Nuclear Power Programme was formulated by Jawaharlal Nehru and Homi J Bhabha.
  7. India has huge deposits of Thorium in the Monazite sands of southern India. But thorium in itself is not a fissile material. It has to be converted into uranium-233 in a reactor fuelled by other fissile material.

Know more about Soil pollution, here.

Advantages of Nuclear Power Generation

  1. Inexpensive because of low operational costs. Fluctuating fuel prices don’t affect the costs as nuclear power plants require refuels only after long periods (18-24 months)
  2. Low carbon dioxide emissions and hence don’t contribute to global warming
  3. Scale benefits as a large amount of electricity can be produced in a single plant
  4. Nuclear energy is a more regular and stable form of energy than wind and solar energy

Disadvantages of Nuclear Power Generation

  1. Production of radioactive waste requires careful management and disposal. It can be used for the production of nuclear weapons.
  2. Uranium is a primary raw material but it is a scarce resource in many parts of the world
  3. The consequence and cost of even minor accidents in nuclear plants are much higher than in other power plants.
  4. Public mistrust and active opposition from locals, especially in India

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster

  1. The earthquake and tsunami in northeastern Japan triggered a major nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power facility on March 11, 2011.
  2. The plant’s reactors suffered serious core damage, releasing hydrogen and radioactive elements.
  3. Large scale evaluation was undertaken to rescue people from radiation
  4. There was the discharge of radioactive water into the ground and Pacific ocean
  5. Even though there was only one reported death due to cancer, the chances of the exposed populace contracting thyroid cancer are higher

Also, check out the notes on Waste, here.

Nuclear Weapons

Every human invention and innovation has been misused in some way or another. What happened with nuclear energy is not different. . Nuclear weapons have the potential to wipe out entire populations. And global politics in the 20th century created a race for nuclear weapon technology.

  1. Designed to expend energy in an explosive manner through nuclear fusion, fission, or a combination of both
  2. An atomic bomb is a fission weapon and a Hydrogen bomb is a fusion weapon
  3. The atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945, was the single most disastrous use of a nuclear weapon
  4. Over 100,000 people lost their lives after the dropping of the ‘little boy’ and ‘fat man’
  5. It was a momentous point in the trajectory of World War 2 leading to the Japanese surrender
  6. International treaties like the Non-Proliferation Treaty acts as barriers for nations that aspire to develop nuclear weapons. Nuclear deterrence is a key stabilizer in the multipolar power balancing in the international arena.
  7. India is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty which was signed in 1968. India developed its nuclear weapons under the leadership of Indira Gandhi and A.B Vajpayee.
  8. India’s nuclear weapon tests were codenamed ‘Smiling Buddha’ (1974) and ‘Smiling Buddha II’ (1998)

Learn more about the Convention of Biodiversity, here.

Hope this article helped you learn more about nuclear energy and nuclear power generation. If you are looking for interactive preparation for competitive exams, try the Testbook App.

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Nuclear Energy FAQs

Nuclear energy is the energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom that is produced through nuclear fission or fusion.

Nuclear fission is the splitting of an atom's nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei.

India’s first nuclear power plant was established in Tarapur, Maharashtra in 1969.

India’s first nuclear weapon test was codenamed ‘Smiling Buddha’.

NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited) operates the 7 nuclear power plants in India.
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