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Home / IAS Preparation / Razia Sultan

Razia Sultan: Administration, Economy, Culture, Legacy, And More For UPSC!

Last Updated on Jan 09, 2024
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Razia Sultan was a brave queen who lived long ago, in the year 1205. She was very special because she became the first woman to be the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. She was very clever, kind, and independent. During her rule, she made things better for her people by making improvements in arts, education, and the way the country was run. Although Razia Sultan faced many challenges, she inspired people with her courage and determination. 

In this article, we will learn about Razia. This forms a significant part of the UPSC IAS exam. UPSC Prelims and UPSC Mains Paper I have many questions about this topic. It is also an important topic for UPSC History Optional and essential for the UGC NET History exam. Every year over 5-7 questions on political history are in the question paper.

Who was Razia Sultan?

Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-Din, commonly known as Razia Sultana, served as a ruler in the Delhi Sultanate within the northern Indian subcontinent. She holds the distinction of being the first female Muslim ruler in the region and the sole female Muslim ruler of Delhi.

Early Life of Razia Sultan

Razia, the daughter of Delhi Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish, descended from a Turkic slave (mamluk) of her predecessor Qutb ud-Din Aibak. Turkan Khatun, Razia's mother and the chief wife of Iltutmish, was a daughter of Qutb ud-Din Aibak. Razia held the status of being the eldest daughter of Iltutmish, likely his first-born child.

Ascension of Razia Sultan to the Throne

  • Iltutmish initially groomed his eldest son, Nasiruddin Mahmud, as his successor, but Mahmud's unexpected death in 1229 altered the plan.
  • Believing his other sons were unfit for state affairs, Iltutmish entrusted Razia with Delhi's administration during his Gwalior campaign in 1231.
  • Razia's competent performance led Iltutmish to decide to name her as his successor upon his return to Delhi.
  • To formalize this decision, Iltutmish instructed Officer Tajul Mulk Mahmud Dabir to draft a decree appointing Razia as the heir apparent.
  • Despite having surviving sons, Iltutmish defended his choice, asserting Razia's superior capability.
  • However, upon Iltutmish's death, the nobles disregarded his wishes and appointed his son Ruknuddin Firuz as the new king.
  • Speculations arise about whether Iltutmish had agreed to appoint a son as his successor during his last years, considering he recalled Ruknuddin from Lahore to Delhi when seriously ill.
  • Alternatively, the legend of Iltutmish nominating Razia could be a posthumous fabrication by Razia's supporters, as Minhaj, the sole near-contemporary source, did not witness the events and narrated the legend after returning to Delhi in 1238.
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Reign of Razia Sultan

Upon assuming the throne, Razia swiftly made significant appointments. Khwaja Muhazzabuddin became her wazir (prime minister), receiving the title Nizamul Mulk. Malik Saifuddin Aibek Bahtu initially led her army with the title Qutlugh Khan. Still, after his demise, Razia appointed Malik Qutubuddin Hasan Ghuri as the naib-i lashkar (army in-charge). The iqta' of Lahore, once held by the rebel Alauddin Jani, was assigned to Malik Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz, who had joined Razia. Loyalists like Malik-i Kabir Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin and Malik Jamaluddin Yaqut secured positions in the imperial household as Amir-i Hajib and Amir-i Akhur, respectively.

Administration

Razia Sultan was a special ruler who ruled the Delhi Sultanate long ago. She was the first and only woman to be a ruler. During her time, she made important changes to how things were run in the kingdom.

  • Razia Begum believed in treating people fairly and ensuring they were cared for. She chose good people to help her with important jobs in the kingdom. She wanted them to be responsible and do their work well. If anyone did something wrong, she made sure they were punished.
  • One big change Razia Sultan made was with the money people used. She introduced new coins made of silver called taka. These coins were the same weight and quality everywhere in the kingdom. This helped trade and business to grow.
  • Razia Sultan also cared about education and the arts. She started schools and colleges for people to learn. She encouraged books to be translated into the language spoken in the kingdom. This helped people to gain knowledge and learn new things.
  • Razia Begum was a strong leader, but she faced some difficulties. Some people didn't like her being in charge, and they tried to take power away from her. But she stayed determined and faced the challenges with courage.
  • Sadly, Razia Sultan's rule ended when her brother rebelled against her and took over. But her memory lives on because of the important changes she made. She made the kingdom stronger and took care of her people.

To sum it up, Razia Sultan was a special ruler who made important changes to the Delhi Sultanate. She cared about fairness and made sure people were treated well. She introduced new coins and supported education and the arts. Even though her time as ruler ended, she is remembered as a strong and inspiring leader.

Economy

During Razia's reign from 1236 to 1240, people enjoyed a time of great wealth. Let's explore the important things that happened to the economy under Razia Sultan.

  • Trade and Business: Razia Begum wanted trade and business to grow. She helped merchants and reduced taxes on goods. This attracted traders from all over, and the kingdom became a busy place for buying and selling things. This made the economy stronger.
  • Busy Markets: During Razia Begum's time, many markets were built. These were places where people could trade goods. It allowed artists, craftsmen, and traders to show their work. This made the economy grow and create jobs.
  • Help for Farmers: Razia Sultan knew that farming was important for the economy. She helped farmers by teaching them better ways to grow crops and giving them help during bad times like droughts or floods. This made sure there was enough food and made the economy more stable.
  • Supporting Artists and Craftsmen: Razia Sultan loved art and crafts. She helped artists, weavers, and craftsmen improve their work. This made their products famous and helped trade and business to grow.
  • Money and Coins: Razia Sultan ensured that the money used for trade was the same everywhere. She made her coins, and people trusted them. This made it easier for people to trade and made the economy strong.
  • Building Roads and Canals: Razia Sultan built roads, bridges, and canals in her kingdom. These helped people to move goods from one place to another. It made trading easier and boosted the economy.
  • Schools and Learning: Razia Sultan knew that education was important. She opened schools and madrasas for people to learn. She helped more people find good jobs and contributed to the economy by teaching them to read and write.

Razia Sultan made the economy of Delhi strong and prosperous. She encouraged trade, helped farmers, supported artists, and built roads and schools. Her wise decisions made the kingdom grow, and people had better lives. Razia Sultan's reign is remembered as a time of wealth and progress.

Culture

Razia Begum was a powerful and inspiring ruler in medieval India. During her reign, which began in 1236 AD, she made significant contributions to the culture of her empire. Let's explore the fascinating cultural aspects of Razia Sultan's time!

  • The Empowerment of Women: Razia Sultan's reign marked a significant shift in the status of women. She broke barriers by becoming the first female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, setting an example for women everywhere.
  • Diverse Religious Harmony: Razia Begum promoted religious tolerance and harmony. People of different faiths, including Muslims, Hindus, and Christians, lived together peacefully. Sufis visited her empire. This diversity enriched the cultural fabric of the empire.
  • Education and Knowledge: Razia Sultan recognized the importance of education. She established schools and encouraged scholars, poets, and artists to thrive. This led to a flourishing intellectual environment during her rule.
  • Architectural Marvels: Razia Sultan was known for her patronage of architecture. Many stunning buildings, such as mosques and palaces, were constructed under her reign. These structures showcased the exquisite craftsmanship of the time.
  • Art and Literature: During Razia Begum's rule, art and literature flourished. Talented poets and writers composed beautiful poetry and prose. They celebrated the empire's achievements and captured the essence of its culture.
  • Music and Dance: Music and dance were integral to the cultural life of Razia Begum's era. Musicians played melodic tunes, and dancers entertained the masses with graceful movements.

Major Works of Razia Sultan
  • As an effective ruler, Razia Sultana established a lawful and comprehensive peace within her realm, where every individual adhered to the rules and regulations she implemented. 
  • She endeavored to enhance the nation's infrastructure by fostering trade, constructing roads, and digging wells. 
  • Additionally, she established schools, institutes, research centers, and public libraries that facilitated scholars to engage in the study of the Quran and the traditions of Muhammad. 
  • Emphasizing the sciences, philosophy, astronomy, and literature, these institutions catered to the intellectual pursuits of both Hindu and Muslim communities. 
  • Razia also made significant contributions to the fields of art and culture by supporting scholars, painters, and artisans.

Conclusion

Razia Sultan, a remarkable woman of power and courage, defied societal norms and shattered glass ceilings. Her reign marked a turning point in history, challenging the patriarchal constraints of her time. 

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Razia Sultan FAQs

Razia Sultan was the first female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, reigning from 1236 to 1240.

Razia Sultan challenged gender norms, led her empire with wisdom, and championed equality and justice.

After her father's death, Razia Sultan ascended to the throne through a tumultuous struggle for succession.

Razia Sultan faced resistance from conservative factions and encountered opposition due to societal expectations.

Razia Sultan's reign ended with a rebellion led by her own nobles, ultimately resulting in her overthrow and death.
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