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Home / IAS Preparation / Vienna Convention

Vienna Convention for Protection of Ozone Layer - Environment Notes for UPSC

Last Updated on Dec 26, 2023
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The Vienna Convention, formally known as the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, is a pivotal international treaty that provides a comprehensive framework for the establishment, maintenance, and termination of diplomatic relations among sovereign states. Adopted in 1961, the convention sets out fundamental principles and rules governing diplomatic immunity, privileges, and responsibilities, ensuring the smooth functioning of diplomatic missions and fostering international cooperation. A cornerstone of diplomatic law, the Vienna Convention plays a crucial role in facilitating diplomatic relations and safeguarding the rights and protections of diplomats on the global stage.

Vienna Convention for Protection of Ozone Layer is one of the most important topics for UPSC IAS Examination.

In this article on the Vienna Convention for Protection of Ozone Layer, we shall discuss its structure, objectives, powers, significance for India. This will be very useful for aspirants in the UPSC Prelims Exam.

Also, study the NCERT Notes on Geography Environment from the linked article.

What is Vienna Convention?

The Vienna Convention offers a comprehensive framework for the initiation, upkeep, and conclusion of diplomatic relations based on the mutual consent of independent sovereign States.

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Objective of the Vienna Convention
  • To protect the ozone layer from depletion, the Vienna Convention was founded.
  • The pact was signed for the first time on March 22, 1985, by 28 countries.
  • On September 16, 2009, the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol were both unanimously accepted, making them the first treaties in UN history to do so.

Basic Details about the Vienna Convention for Protection of Ozone Layer:
  • It is an international environmental agreement.
  • It was made available for signature in 1985.
  • It was signed into law in 1988.
  • A total of 197 individuals voted in favour (Universal)
  • It is the cornerstone of international efforts to protect the ozone layer. However, it excludes legally binding reduction targets for CFCs, the key chemical agents that degrade the ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol, which goes along with it, spells forth these requirements.

Study about the Ramsar Sites in India from here.

Key Features of Vienna Convention
  • The Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 with the purpose of lowering the production and use of (Ozone Depleting Substances) ODSs in order to support the Vienna Convention’s ozone layer preservation goals.
  • In 1994, the United Nations General Assembly established September 16th to be World Ozone Day (the day the Montreal Protocol was put open for signatures and the Vienna Convention was universally ratified).
  • The Kigali Agreement (named after the Rwandan city of Kigali, where it was signed) intends to reduce the manufacture and use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by 80-85 percent from baseline levels by 2045.
  • The member countries meet every three years to discuss research and systematic observations in the ozone layer.
  • Following the Vienna Convention, the Ozone Research Managers Forum was founded. It’s an expert meeting in the subject of ozone modification research.
  • A multilateral fund has been established to help developing countries move away from ozone-depleting dangerous compounds.
  • The Vienna Convention is linked to two trust funds: the Vienna Convention Trust Fund for Research and the Vienna Convention Trust Fund for Systematic Observations.

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Current Relevance
  • World Ozone Day is celebrated on 16 September 2022.
  • Also, the Vienna Convention has been in effect for 35 years.
  • In 2020, the Vienna Convention will celebrate its 35th anniversary, as well as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer.
  • This day is also known as Ozone Day.
  • The theme of Ozone Day 2020 is “Ozone for Life: 35 Years of Ozone Layer Protection.”

The Vienna Convention’s Conference of Parties
  • A Conference of Parties (COP) is held every three years.
  • The next current COP will be the 12th COP to the Vienna Convention, which will take place from November 23 to November 27, 2020 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
  • The 11th Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention was held in Montreal, Canada, in November 2017.

The Vienna Convention’s Participant Nations

Relationship between the Vienna Convention and India
  • The Vienna Convention for Protection of Ozone Layer has India as a signatory. It ratified the treaty in 1991 and signed the Montreal Protocol in 1992.

Initiatives to Protect the Ozone Layer in India:

  • The Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and Climate Change has been tasked with protecting and implementing the Montreal Protocol.
  • The Montreal Protocol will be executed properly and on time with the help of the Ozone Cell.
  • As of January 1, 2010, India had completely phased out carbon tetrachloride (CTC).

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

Convention Principle

Description

Diplomatic Immunity

Diplomats, under the Convention, enjoy immunity from specific laws and taxes in the host country, facilitating the unhindered fulfillment of their duties without fear or intimidation.

Article 29 - Arrest and Detention

Article 29 stipulates that diplomats cannot be arrested or detained. The host country is obligated to afford diplomatic agents the requisite respect and is responsible for preventing any harm or violation to the diplomat's person, liberty, or dignity.

Article 11.1 - Mission Size Limits

According to Article 11.1, the host country has the authority to establish reasonable limits on the size of a foreign diplomatic mission. This considers prevailing conditions, circumstances in the host nation, and the unique requirements of the specific diplomatic mission.

Article 9 - Persona Non Grata

Article 9 allows the receiving State to declare the head of the mission or any member of the diplomatic staff persona non grata without explanation, and this declaration can be made at any time. This provision empowers the host country to deem an individual unwelcome.

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Vienna Convention for Protection of Ozone Layer FAQs

To protect the ozone layer from depletion, the Vienna Convention was founded. The pact was signed for the first time on March 22, 1985, by 28 countries. On September 16, 2009, the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol were both unanimously accepted, making them the first treaties in UN history to do so.

It is an international environmental agreement. It was made available for signature in 1985. It was signed into law in 1988. A total of 197 individuals voted in favour (Universal) It is the cornerstone of international efforts to protect the ozone layer. However, it excludes legally binding reduction targets for CFCs, the key chemical agents that degrade the ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol, which goes along with it, spells forth these requirements.

The Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 with the purpose of lowering the production and use of (Ozone Depleting Substances) ODSs in order to support the Vienna Convention's ozone layer preservation goals. In 1994, the United Nations General Assembly established September 16th to be World Ozone Day (the day the Montreal Protocol was put open for signatures and the Vienna Convention was universally ratified). The Kigali Agreement (named after the Rwandan city of Kigali, where it was signed) intends to reduce the manufacture and use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by 80-85 percent from baseline levels by 2045. The member countries meet every three years to discuss research and systematic observations in the ozone layer.

The Vienna Convention celebrates its anniversary as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. This day is also known as Ozone Day. The theme of Ozone Day 2020 is "Ozone for Life: 35 Years of Ozone Layer Protection."

A Conference of Parties (COP) is held every three years. The next current COP will be the 12th COP to the Vienna Convention, which will take place from November 23 to November 27, 2020 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The 11th Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention was held in Montreal, Canada, in November 2017.

There are 198 members of the Vienna Convention. The United Nations Environment Programme is in charge of the Convention's secretariat (UNEP).

The Vienna Convention for Protection of Ozone Layer has India as a signatory. It ratified the treaty in 1991 and signed the Montreal Protocol in 1992.

The Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and Climate Change has been tasked with the protection and implementation of the Montreal Protocol. The Montreal Protocol will be executed properly and on time with the help of the Ozone Cell. As of January 1, 2010, India had completely phased out carbon tetrachloride (CTC).
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