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Home / IAS Preparation / Wildlife Conservation in India

Wildlife Conservation in India: Need, Key Efforts & Projects - UPSC Notes

Last Updated on Apr 05, 2025
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Wildlife conservation in India is the practice of protecting and preserving the country's rich diversity of wild animals and plants. India is home to a vast range of species due to its varied geography and ecosystems, from the Himalayan peaks to the coastal areas. Protecting these species ensures that they are not endangered or extinct. Wildlife conservation involves creating safe environments for animals, preventing hunting, and protecting habitats. The objective is to ensure a healthy equilibrium in nature and keep our world's beauty intact for the upcoming generations. This also helps in the conservation of ecological systems, which are crucial for the well-being of all living things.

Wildlife conservation in India is a critical topic for the UPSC Civil Services Examination. It is particularly important for General Studies Paper III. In Paper III, wildlife conservation directly ties into the study of environmental policies, biodiversity preservation, and the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

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GS Paper

General Studies Paper III

Topics for UPSC Prelims

Wildlife Protection Act 1972, National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India, Biosphere Reserves

Topics for UPSC Mains

Biodiversity and Its Conservation

What is Wildlife Conservation?

Wildlife conservation is the measures and activities put in place to safeguard wild animals and vegetation and their ecosystems. It encompasses policies, strategies, and actions geared towards preserving biodiversity. Wildlife conservation efforts ensure the well-being of the planet through the preservation of ecosystems, survival of species, and conservation of natural resources.

Wildlife conservation not only preserves animals and plants but also supports the human population by maintaining ecological balance. In India, conservation includes establishing protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and involving local communities in conservation efforts.

Need for Wildlife Conservation in India

India is home to more than 7.6% of the world’s total wildlife species, and it is considered one of the 17 mega-diverse countries in the world. However, rapid urbanization, deforestation, and human-wildlife conflict are major threats to wildlife. The need for wildlife conservation in India is urgent because many species are endangered or facing the danger of extinction due to habitat loss, poaching, and climate change. Conserving wildlife ensures that these species continue to play their crucial roles in maintaining ecosystem services that include pollination, water purification, and climate regulation. Protecting wildlife is also necessary for India’s sustainable development as it contributes to the country’s cultural heritage, tourism industry, and overall ecological stability.

Read the article on the Importance of Biodiversity and Types!

Wildlife Conservation Efforts and Projects in India

Different wildlife conservation schemes have been initiated so far by India for the protection of its many-threatened species. Such schemes are specific to animals, purported to increase their numbers and provision for survival. Some of these animal schemes are listed below:

Project Tiger

Project Tiger, initiated in 1973, is one of the most successful wildlife conservation initiatives of India. The project is designed to conserve the Bengal tiger and its habitat. Tigers symbolize power and are also used as an indicator of the ecosystem's health. The project led to the creation of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) to ensure the implementation of the project and provide protection to the habitats of tigers. It is concerned with keeping poaching, habitat loss, and human-tiger conflict under control. For this reason, India hosts approximately 70% of the tiger population of the globe, with 50 tiger reserves in the country.

Project Elephant

Project Elephant was initiated in 1992 to protect the population of Asian elephants, which are threatened by loss of habitat, poaching, and human-elephant conflict. The project is aimed at safeguarding the habitats of elephants, reducing human-elephant conflict, and providing protection to these magnificent animals. Project Elephant has been successful in creating elephant corridors through which elephants can roam freely without getting into conflict with human habitations.

Project Lion

The Asiatic lion, which was once on the verge of extinction, has increased numerically by leaps and bounds after Project Lion started in 1995. The project aims at the conservation of the Asiatic lion population, mainly in Gujarat's Gir National Park. Efforts towards conservation involve the restoration of the habitat, developing the grasslands, and enhancing anti-poaching activities. The lion population in India has already reached over 600, and thus India is now the last bastion of the Asiatic lion.

Project Snow Leopard

Living primarily in the ranges of Himalayas in India, the snow leopard is a species that became the concern of Project Snow Leopard, which commenced in 2009. The project depicts conserving habitats of snow leopards improves conservation efforts and conflicts between people and wildlife. It also raises awareness about the snow leopard's role in mountain ecology.

Project Cheetah

The cheetah was declared extinct in India in the 1950s. However, efforts have been made to reintroduce the species back into the wild. In 2022, India reintroduced cheetahs to the Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh. The project aims to restore the cheetah population in India and create sustainable ecosystems for them to thrive. The plan also includes monitoring the health of reintroduced cheetah populations.

Project Hangul

The Hangul (Kashmir stag) is a species that is listed as endangered in the Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir. Project Hangul, initiated in the 1990s, works towards conserving this species by restoring its habitat, decreasing poaching, and ensuring safe migration corridors. Conservation efforts are also focused on the Dachigam National Park, the Hangul's core habitat.

Project Crocodile

India has three species of crocodiles, i.e., the Saltwater crocodile, the Mugger crocodile, and the Gharial. Project Crocodile, initiated during the 1970s, is an endeavor to conserve these reptiles and infuse new life into their population. Measures have been fruitful in boosting the population of the Saltwater crocodile in the states of Orissa and that of the Mugger crocodile in the Uttar Pradesh state. The project also aims to rehabilitate habitat and minimize human-wildlife conflict issues.

Project Great Indian Bustard

The Great Indian Bustard, an endangered bird species, occurs in India's semi-arid environments. Project Great Indian Bustard protects the bustard by maintaining its habitat and excluding human disturbances. The project has played an essential role in grassland protection because the bustard relies on these habitats to survive. Its measures involve enhanced conservation of the grasslands as well as curbing threats associated with poaching and habitat loss.

Indian One Horn Rhino Vision 2020

This project aims at the conservation of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros, which is largely concentrated in Assam's Kaziranga National Park. The Indian One Horn Rhino Vision 2020 works towards raising the number of such rhinos from approximately 2,000 to 3,000 by enhancing habitat protection, anti-poaching, and management of human-wildlife conflict challenges.

Project Dolphin

India launched the National Ganga River Dolphin Conservation Program under Project Dolphin to protect the endangered Ganga river dolphin. The project focuses on preserving the dolphin's natural habitat in the Ganges and other rivers, promoting conservation through research, and preventing water pollution. The Ganga river dolphin is a symbol of the health of India's freshwater ecosystems.

Read the article on the Global Biodiversity Outlook Report!

Importance of Wildlife Conservation in India

Conservation of wildlife in India is necessary for a number of reasons. One, it preserves biodiversity, which is important for the stability of ecosystems and the services they render, like air and water filtering, climate control, and soil composition. Secondly, conservation is vital to ensure that species do not become extinct or that they are not threatened. Conservation secures the future generations to witness and enjoy the natural heritage of India. Thirdly, promising wildlife tourism is a significant engine for the economy, providing jobs and incomes for millions of people. And last, wildlife conservation helps to promote that kind of association among men with nature, which is in line with sustainable living patterns.

Read the article on the Loss of Biodiversity!

Key Takeaways on Wildlife Conservation in India for UPSC Aspirants

  • Varied Initiatives for Species Conservation: India has initiated various species-specific initiatives such as Project Tiger, Project Elephant, and Project Snow Leopard to safeguard its bountiful wildlife, each emphasizing habitat conservation and reducing risks such as poaching and human-wildlife conflict.
  • Endangered Species Conservation: India's efforts at conservation revolve around conserving some of the world's most endangered species, including Asiatic lion, Ganga river dolphin, and Indian one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Role of Protected Areas: The setting up of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and tiger reserves has been crucial in the conservation of wild habitats and the survival of many species.
  • Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation: Many projects focus on reducing conflicts between humans and wildlife, such as creating wildlife corridors for elephants and other species to move without encountering human settlements.

Download the Key Takeaways PDF for Wildlife Conservation in India!

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Wildlife Conservation in India UPSC FAQs

Two ways to conserve wildlife in India are: Establishing more protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries & Increasing awareness and involving local communities in conservation efforts.

Some wildlife conservation projects in India include Project Tiger, Project Elephant, Project Lion, Project Snow Leopard, Project Cheetah, and Project Dolphin.

Animal conservation projects in India are programs designed to protect specific endangered species, such as tigers, elephants, lions, and snow leopards, by preserving their habitats and reducing threats to their survival.
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