India’s space programme, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has evolved from modest beginnings into one of the most respected space agencies in the world. Over the years, ISRO has designed and executed a range of missions—from satellite navigation, Earth observation, interplanetary exploration, to solar studies—that have not only enhanced India’s technological self-reliance but also contributed to global scientific collaboration. Its cost-effective approaches and mission diversity—from Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan to Aditya-L1 and the upcoming Gaganyaan—have become case studies in innovation.

For UPSC aspirants, ISROs journey is more than current affairs—it directly intersects with the syllabus of General Studies Paper 3 (Science & Technology), provides examples for GS Paper 2 (International Relations, Governance), and can enrich perspectives in the Essay Paper, Ethics, and even Optional subjects like Geography or PSIR. In this article, we will explore detailed insights about ISRO GSAT-29 Communication Satellite Mission —its objectives, timelines, key technologies, and strategic implications.

ISRO GSAT-29 Communication Satellite Mission Overview

The Communication mission, ISROs GSAT-29 Communication Satellite, was planned to address specific operational and technological goals.ISRO selected Earth as the functional environment for the GSAT-29 Communication Satellite mission.

• The launch of GSAT-29 Communication Satellite was carried out by the GSLV Mk III-D2.
• The vehicle was launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre.
• The key mission goal of GSAT-29 Communication Satellite was to High-throughput communication satellite.
• Alongside its primary function, GSAT-29 Communication Satellite was expected to Connectivity to remote areas.
• Reports indicate that the mission stands at Operational.

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Timeline & Milestones of ISRO GSAT-29 Communication Satellite Mission

• The scheduled launch date for GSAT-29 Communication Satellite was November 14, 2018.

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ISRO GSAT-29 Communication Satellite Mission Technical Specifications

ISRO engineered the spacecraft using High throughput satellite, in line with the objectives defined for Communication.The mission trajectory for GSAT-29 was designed around Geostationary Orbit (GEO), aligned with its objectives.

• With its launch from Satish Dhawan Space Centre using the GSLV Mk III-D2, GSAT-29 Communication Satellite carried payloads including Ka/Ku-band transponders, Q/V-band payload for mission-specific tasks.
• As part of the onboard communication setup, Ka-band, Ku-band, Q-band, V-band were deployed to maintain consistent mission control contact.
• High throughput satellite technology were implemented as part of the engineering design of GSAT-29 Communication Satellite.

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GSAT-29 Communication Satellite Launch Information

• The mission timeline of GSAT-29 Communication Satellite began with its launch on November 14, 2018.
• ISRO selected the GSLV Mk III-D2 to carry the GSAT-29 Communication Satellite mission.
• Satish Dhawan Space Centre hosted the missions launch activities.

Who are the Stakeholders & Collaborators?

The mission team was composed of personnel from ISRO.

Outputs, Applications & Impact of ISRO GSAT-29 Communication Satellite Mission

One of the key achievements of GSAT-29 Communication Satellite was Successfully provided high-throughput communication services and connectivity to remote areas, also demonstrating new technologies.The mission provided valuable datasets such as Communication services for scientific and operational use.

• High-throughput connectivity in remote areas, disaster management reflects the broader civilian value of GSAT-29 Communication Satellite.
• Connects remote regions, supports Digital India initiative reflects the larger purpose behind GSAT-29.
• The success and findings of GSAT-29 Communication Satellite are likely to inform and guide the development of subsequent missions like More high-throughput communication satellites as part of ISRO’s continued technological progression.

ISRO GSAT-29 Communication Satellite Space Mission Risks, Failures & Mitigation

UPSC Relevance of ISRO GSAT-29 Communication Satellite Space Mission

• The UPSC Prelims aspirants benefit from tracking ISRO developments, as topics like launch vehicles, mission objectives, and payload types are common in factual and concept-based questions.
• UPSC often expects candidates to critically evaluate the gaps or opportunities in India’s space sector, where ISROs mission track record provides factual backing.
• UPSC Essays focused on resilience, long-term vision, or Indias journey in science and technology can be powerfully anchored in examples like Chandrayaan-2’s setback and the recovery through Chandrayaan-3.
• Environmental Science and Geography papers can benefit from examples of ISRO’s contributions to disaster management, glacier mapping, and crop estimation.

Past UPSC Mains PYQs on ISRO Space Missions

Q1. Discuss the role of the private sector in the growth of the space industry in India. How has the governments policy of 2023 affected it? (2023, GS Paper 3 - Science & Technology)

Q2. What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme? (2022 & 2019, GS Paper 3 - Science & Technology)

Q3. Space has been the next big frontier for mankind after sea and land. In this context, discuss Indias policy and preparedness for space wars. (2019, GS Paper 3 - Science & Technology)

Q4. Discuss the utility of the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) for India. (2016, GS Paper 3 - Science & Technology)

Q5. What do you understand by Standard Positioning Systems and Precision Positioning Systems in the GPS era? Discuss the advantages India perceives from its ambitious IRNSS programme employing just seven satellites. (2015, GS Paper 3 - Science & Technology)

Past UPSC Prelims PYQs on ISRO Space Missions

Q1 [2025]: GPS-Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) uses a system of ground stations to provide necessary augmentation. Which of the following statements is/are correct in respect of GAGAN?

I. It is designed to provide additional accuracy and integrity.
II. It will allow more uniform and high quality air traffic management.
III. It will provide benefits only in aviation but not in other modes of transportation.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) I, II and III
(b) II and III only
(c) I only
(d) I and II only

Correct Answer: (d) I and II only

Explanation: Statements I and II correctly describe the core purpose and benefit of the GAGAN system. (I) GAGAN is designed to augment GPS signals by correcting for errors, which provides much greater accuracy and guarantees the integrity (reliability) of the positioning information. (II) This enhanced accuracy and reliability directly enables more precise aircraft routing and landing procedures, thus improving the uniformity and quality of air traffic management.

Q2 [2022]: If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth?

1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
3. Power grids could be damaged.
4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
(b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only
(c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7

Answer: The correct answer is (c).

Explanation: A major solar storm can disrupt GPS, power grids, satellite orbits, polar radio communication, and cause auroras, but cannot trigger tsunamis or forest fires.

Q3 [2020]: The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to

(a) Voyager-2
(b) New horizons
(c) Lisa Pathfinder
(d) Evolved LISA

Answer: The correct answer is (d) Evolved LISA.

Explanation: Evolved LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) is a planned space-based gravitational wave observatory by ESA and NASA, using three spacecraft in a triangular formation with laser beams to detect cosmic gravitational waves.

Q4 [2016]: Consider the following statements:

The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO

1. is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission
2. made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA
3. made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first attempt

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: c) 1 and 3 only

Explanation: Mangalyaan is the informal name of Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), launched by ISRO on 5 November 2013 and India is the only nation to date to have succeeded on its maiden attempt.

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UPSC Practice Questions on ISRO Space Missions

Q1. Which among the following is Indias first Human spaceflight programme?
1. Chandrayaan - 1
2. Shukrayaan
3. Mangalyaan
4. Gaganyaan
Answer: Gaganyaan
Solution: The correct answer is Gaganyaan. Mission Gaganyaan has been dubbed as Indias maiden human spaceflight program. India is planning to send the astronauts into space. Under the Gaganyaan schedule, three flights will be sent in orbit. Of the three, there will be two unmanned flights and one human spaceflight. The human space flight program, called the Orbital Module will have three Indian astronauts, including a woman.

Q2. Recently, the Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO has announced to launch DS-SAR satellite of which of the following countries through PSLV-C56?
1. Israel
2. USA
3. Singapore
4. UAE
Answer: Singapore
Solution: The correct answer is Singapore. The Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO successfully launched its PSLV-C56 rocket carrying seven Singaporean satellites from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. DS-SAR, a radar imaging earth observation satellite is a primary satellite for the mission. It was developed under a partnership between the Defence Science and Technology Agency representing the government of Singapore and ST Engineering. According to ISRO, DS-SAR carries a Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR payload which allows it to provide all-weather day and night coverage.

Q3. What is the main objective of the National Space Innovation Challenge NSIC 2023?
1. To explore new methods of space travel
2. To showcase Indian space achievements
3. To ignite the interest of school students in space technology
4. To develop advanced space research projects
Answer: To ignite the interest of school students in space technology
Solution: The correct answer is To ignite the interest of school students in space technology. AIM and ISRO launch National Space Innovation Challenge 2023. Atal Innovation Mission AIM, NITI Aayog in collaboration with the Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO and Navars Edutech successfully launched the National Space Innovation Challenge 2023. NSIC 2023 is a National-level campaign designed to ignite next generation space enthusiast to understand and contribute towards growing Indian space economy and future space workforce. Its a National platform to get inspired by industry leaders, seek opportunities for exploration and showcase ones innovation to the world. With the goal of fostering innovation and curiosity among school students across the nation, the Atal Innovation Mission is proud to announce National Space Innovation Challenge NSIC open for all the school students across the country.

Q4. Which of the following Indian institution has recently demonstrated a hackproof quantum communication system?
1. IIT, Madras
2. ISRO
3. DRDO
4. C-DAC
Answer: ISRO
Solution: The Correct Answer is ISRO. IIT Madras: The Indian Institutes of Technology, including IIT Madras, are renowned for their engineering, technology, and research contributions. They often work on cutting-edge technologies, including quantum computing and quantum communication. ISRO: The Indian Space Research Organisation has a strong interest in developing technologies for secure satellite communication, which includes the potential for quantum communication to ensure security against eavesdropping and hacking attempts. ISROs involvement in space and satellite technologies makes it a likely candidate for deploying and testing quantum communication systems. DRDO: The Defence Research and Development Organisation focuses on military technology development, including secure communication systems for defense purposes. Quantum communication holds promise for unconditionally secure communication, making it of interest to DRDO. C-DAC: The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing is involved in various areas of information technology and computing, including cybersecurity. While C-DAC works on advanced computing technologies, direct involvement in quantum communication would be consistent with their mission but is specific to their research objectives. Explanation: Without current updates beyond September 2021, its challenging to point definitively to which institution demonstrated a hackproof quantum communication system recently. However, considering the profiles: ISRO has the space technology infrastructure that aligns well with the deployment of quantum communication systems, especially those involving satellite-based quantum keys distribution QKD, making it a strong contender. DRDO has vested interests in secure communication for defense, which complements the attributes of quantum communication. Here are some general facts about quantum communication: Hackproof Nature: Quantum communication is considered potentially hackproof because it is based on the principles of quantum mechanics. Any attempt to eavesdrop on quantum communication would disturb the quantum states involved, alerting the communicating parties. Quantum Key Distribution QKD: One of the primary applications of quantum communication is QKD, which allows two parties to generate a shared random secret key known only to them, which can then be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. Satellite-based QKD: Organizations like ISRO could utilize satellite-based QKD to establish secure communication links over long distances, overcoming the limit posed by terrestrial fiber-optic networks. Global Interest and Development: Various countries and organizations globally are investing in quantum communication technology, recognizing its potential to revolutionize secure communication. Integration with Existing Networks: Quantum communication systems can be integrated with existing communication infrastructure to enhance security, making the technology both innovative and practical. Research and Collaboration: Institutions like IITs, ISRO, DRDO, and C-DAC often collaborate on interdisciplinary research, pooling expertise from different domains to advance quantum communication technology. Pilot Projects and Demonstrations: Successful demonstrations of quantum communication, such as hackproof systems, typically result from pilot projects showcasing the practical application of theoretical principles.

Q5. By which year is ISRO planning to have the Indian Space Station Bharatiya Antariksha Station ready?
1. 2025
2. 2026
3. 2027
4. 2028
Answer: 2028
Solution: The correct answer is 2028. Project: India plans to build its own space station by 2035, with the first phase expected to be completed by 2028. Design and Development: ISRO is currently designing the space station, with detailed engineering completed for launch by 2028 using the LVM3 rocket. Initial Phase: The space stations early phase will focus on robotic activities to build operational capability and confidence. International Collaboration: While focusing on independent space activities, India remains open to collaboration with other countries on joint missions and space station efforts. ISS Decommissioning: ISRO acknowledges challenges in decommissioning the International Space Station ISS and plans to stay focused on its own space initiatives. Gaganyaan Connection: The Indian space station project aligns with Indias human spaceflight mission, Gaganyaan, slated for operations. Future Prospects: ISRO aims for long-term space operations and is prepared to adapt plans based on global developments in space infrastructure.

Q6. What is the serial number of GSAT-30 of ISRO in the list of communication satellites?
1. 41st
2. 42nd
3. 43rd
4. 40th
Answer: 42nd
Solution: The correct answer is 42nd. GSAT-30 is the 42nd communication satellite launched by ISRO. The satellite was launched on 17th January 2020 from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana. GSAT-30 is designed to replace the INSAT-4A satellite and provide continuity of services on operational satellites in C-band, extended C-band, and Ku-band. It is intended to provide high-quality television, telecommunications, and broadcasting services. The satellite is equipped with 12 C-band and 12 Ku-band transponders to provide coverage over India, Gulf countries, a large number of Asian countries, and Australia.

Q7. What name has ISRO given to the Rover sent along with Chandrayaan-3 Mission?
1. Pragyan
2. Shiv-Shakti
3. Vikram
4. Mission Mangal
Answer: Pragyan
Solution: The correct answer is Pragyan. Pragyan is the name given to the rover that was part of the Chandrayaan-3 mission. The word Pragyan means wisdom in Sanskrit, symbolizing the rovers mission to gather knowledge about the lunar surface. The rover Pragyan is equipped with scientific instruments designed to study the composition of the lunar surface and analyze soil and rock samples. Pragyan operates on solar power and is expected to function for a lunar day, which is equivalent to about 14 Earth days.

Q8. NISAR satellite is designed to observe and take measurements of some of the Earths most complex processes. It is a:
1. project of Canadian space agency
2. project of ISRO alone
3. joint project between ISRO and NASA
4. project of NASA alone
Answer: joint project between ISRO and NASA
Solution: The correct answer is joint project between ISRO and NASA. The NISAR satellite is a collaborative project between the Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA. The primary objective of the NISAR mission is to observe and take detailed measurements of some of the Earths most complex processes, including ecosystem disturbances, ice-sheet collapse, and natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and landslides. NISAR stands for NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar, emphasizing the synergy between the two space agencies. The satellite will utilize advanced radar imaging to provide high-resolution data that will be beneficial for scientific research and practical applications in disaster management and climate change monitoring.

Q9. The number of scientific payloads on Aditya L - 1 mission for systematic study of Sun is
1. 9
2. 6
3. 7
4. 5
Answer: option 3
Solution: The correct answer is option 3. Aditya-L1 is Indias first space-based solar observatory, launched by ISRO on September 2, 2023. It is designed for a systematic study of the Sun from the Lagrange Point 1 L1, about 1.5 million km from Earth. The mission carries 7 scientific payloads to observe the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona of the Sun in multiple wavelengths. Hence, option 3 is correct.

Q10. What is the name of Indias first Solar mission which was launched by ISRO in September, 2023?
1. Aditya-L1
2. Aditya-S1
3. Aditya-P1
4. Aditya-M1
Answer: Aditya-L1
Solution: The correct answer is Aditya-L1. Aditya-L1 is Indias first solar mission launched by ISRO on September 2, 2023. The spacecraft is designed to study the Suns corona, chromosphere, and solar wind dynamics. Aditya-L1 will be placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point L1, approximately 1.5 million km from Earth. The mission aims to collect data to understand solar activities and their effect on space weather. Aditya-L1 carries seven payloads, including instruments for imaging the Sun and analyzing magnetic fields and plasma.