Building Component MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Building Component - Download Free PDF

Explanation: 
Types of surface finishes

1. Rock face or quarry faced finish
2. scabbling finish
3. hammer dressed finish
4. axed finish
5. punched finish
6. picked finish
7. boasted finish
8. tooled finish
9. furrowed finish
10. dragged or combed finish
11. Reticulated finish

• The stones are made roughly square or rectangular using Waller's hammer. the exposed faces are roughly shaped using a mash hammer. the bends and joints are dressed back some 75 to 100 mm from the face

• After having brought the face of the stone to a level and smooth finish, marginal drafts are sunk about 10 mm below the surface. This sinking are then worked to a depth equal to that of the drafts to cut winding snake-like (verminuos) ridges. the finish present warm eaten appearance.

• This is similar to Vermiculated except that the ridges or vein are less winding. These are linked up to form polygon or irregular shaped reticles.

• In this, the dressing is done with the help of a boaster and hammer forming a series of 38 to 50 mm wide bands of more or less parallel tool marks, which cover the whole surface. This mark may be horizontal vertical or inclined at 45°.

• This finish is used only in soft stones. The surface of the stone is first brought to the required level using a dumpy and soft stone chisel.
• Drags, made of steel plates and of different grades are then dragged backward and forward in different directions until the tool marks are eliminated. Fine drag is used at the end which eliminates all the scratches on the stone a combed finish is obtained

Explanation:

Diagonal Cracks:

• The crack follows a stair-step pattern, moving diagonally across the wall through the mortar joints, which is typical in brick masonry walls.

• Diagonal cracks like these are usually caused by foundation settlement, differential movement, or lateral loads such as seismic activity or soil pressure.

• These types of cracks are often signs of structural distress and should be carefully investigated to assess the extent of damage and required repair.

Additional Information

Here is some additional information related to diagonal cracks in brick masonry walls:

Causes:

1. Foundation Settlement: Uneven or differential settlement causes stress in the wall, leading to diagonal cracks.

2. Soil Movement: Expansive soils (like clay) swelling or shrinking due to moisture changes can shift the foundation.

3. Seismic Activity: Earthquakes can impose lateral forces that lead to diagonal shear cracks.

4. Lateral Loads: Wind or earth pressure on retaining walls may cause such cracks.

5. Poor Construction Practices: Lack of proper bonding, inadequate curing, or weak mortar may contribute.

Effects:

• Can lead to water seepage and reduced structural strength.

• May indicate serious underlying problems in foundation or soil.

Remedial Measures:

• Foundation strengthening (e.g., under-reamed piles, jacketing).

• Grouting or epoxy injection to seal cracks.

• Stitching technique using steel rods across the crack.

• Replacing or strengthening the affected masonry units.

Monitoring crack width and propagation over time is also a good practice to assess the severity.

Explanation:

As per IS 4021: 1995

'12 DT 20' would mean a frame of a double shutter door with a width of 12 modules (119 cm) and a height of 20 modules (199 cm).

Additional Information

1. '6 WS 12' means frame combined in its two sides with two windows, 6 modules wide and 12 modules high.
2. \({6\, V\, 6\over 6\, WS\, 12}\, {6\, V\, 6\over 6\, WS\, 12}\) means frames of two single windows of 6 modules wide and 12 modules high combined side by side and with two ventilators at top 6 modules wide and 6 modules high.
3. '6 WS 12/12 DT 20/6 WS 12' means 12 modules wide and 20 modules high double shutter door frame combined in its two sides with two windows, 6 modules wide and 12 modules high.
4. '9 DS 20' means 9 modules wide and 20 modules high single shutter door.
5. '12 V 8' means 12 modules wide and 8 modules high ventilator.

Explanation:

Critical Depth of Foundation

The critical depth of foundation is the depth below which the net bearing capacity does not increase significantly. This concept is crucial in foundation engineering as it helps in determining the optimum depth for placing the foundation to ensure stability and safety.

• Option 1: Where water table appears

  This option suggests that the critical depth is where the water table is located. However, the water table's presence affects the soil's bearing capacity but does not define the critical depth.

• Option 2: Where reinforcement ends

  This option implies that the critical depth is determined by the end of the reinforcement. While reinforcement depth is important, it does not directly relate to the concept of critical depth concerning bearing capacity.

• Option 3: Below which net bearing capacity does not increase significantly

  This is the correct option. The critical depth is defined as the depth below which any further increase in depth does not result in a significant increase in the net bearing capacity of the soil. This is essential for determining the optimal foundation depth for construction projects.

• Option 4: That equals width of footing

  The width of the footing is related to the design of the foundation but does not define the critical depth. The critical depth is independent of the footing width.

Conclusion

1. "Option 3 is correct." (Explanation)

   • The critical depth is the depth below which further increases in depth do not significantly increase the net bearing capacity.

   • This depth is essential for foundation design to ensure stability and to avoid unnecessary excavation costs.

Explanation:

Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil

The safe bearing capacity of soil is a crucial parameter in geotechnical engineering, ensuring that the soil can safely support the loads applied by a structure. It is typically calculated by applying a factor of safety to the net ultimate bearing capacity of the soil, which accounts for the maximum load the soil can bear before failure.

Analyzing the Given Options

1. Dry density: The dry density of soil is not directly used to calculate the safe bearing capacity. It is a measure of the soil's compaction but does not provide information about the soil's strength under load.

2. Net ultimate bearing capacity: This is the correct parameter to which a factor of safety is applied to determine the safe bearing capacity of soil. The net ultimate bearing capacity represents the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support before failure, considering the effect of the footing and the weight of the structure.

3. Passive resistance: Passive resistance refers to the soil's resistance to lateral movement, such as in retaining walls or piles. It is not directly related to the bearing capacity of soil under vertical loads.

4. Settlement modulus: The settlement modulus is a measure of soil compressibility and its tendency to settle under load. While important for predicting settlement, it is not used to calculate the safe bearing capacity of soil.

Mansard Roof/French Roof: Slope in all four directions with break on each slope.

Gambrel Roof- Slope on two directions but there is break in slope.

Gabel Roof- Slope in two directions with no break.

Hip Roof- Slope in all four directions with no break.

Shed Roof- Slope in only one direction.

Mat roof- No slope in any direction i.e. flat roof.

Deck roof- Slope in all directions but has plane or flat surface on top.

Door frame:

The door frame consists of an assembly of horizontal and vertical members that are placed at the top, bottom, and sides of an opening to form an enclosure providing support for a door. Generally, the door frame is made of wood.

Following are the members of door frame

1) Head of Door Frame

The head is the top horizontal member of the frame.

2) The sill of Door Frame

The sill is the bottom horizontal member of the frame which may or may not be provided. The main reason for providing the sill frame is that the floor acts as a sill itself

3) Horn of Door Frame

It is a horizontal projection of the top and bottom members of the frame to enable the fixing of the frame in the wall opening.

4) Jamb of Door Frame

The door jamb is the vertical wall face of a door opening that supports the door frame. In the door frame, the jamb is the vertical portion of the door frame in which a door is secured. If you want to open and lock your door properly, door jamb is important.

5) Holdfasts of a door frame

These are the mild steel flat bars that are used to hold the frame in the position. These bars are generally bent into Z-shape and fixed on one end to the frame and the other end is inserted in the wall.

6) Rebate of a door frame

It is a depression made all around the door frame, on one side of which, the door shutter is fixed by the means of hinges.

7) A threshold of a door frame

It is the cross wooden piece fixed to door under a door frame which forms the sill and may be provided if required.

8) The transom of a door frame

It is a horizontal member of a frame, which is provided to sub-divide a door opening horizontally.

9) Mullion of a door frame

It is a vertical member of the frame, which is provided to sub-divide a door vertically.

Types and components of trusses:

Explanation:

The following are parts of Scaffolding:

1. Standards: The vertical members of the framework are called standards.
2. Ledgers: These are horizontal members which are parallel to the wall.
3. Braces: Diagonal members fixed on standards are called braces.
4. Putlogs: These are horizontal members which are perpendicular to the walls. One end of the putlog is supported by the wall and the other by the ledger.
5. Transoms: If both ends of putlogs are supported on ledgers, then they are called transoms.
6. Bridle: It is a member used to bridge an opening in a wall, which supports one end of the putlog at the opening.
7. Boarding: The planks on which workers stand.
8. Toe board: These boards are placed parallel to the boarding near the wall, to provide protection to the workers.
9. Guard rail: It is a railing provided at the height of 0.8 - 1.0 m from the working platform.
10. Base plate or sole plate: These are the plates on the ground supporting the standards for distributing the load on the ground.

figure: Scaffolding

Explanation:

Institutional buildings:

• These types of buildings are used for the purpose of activities related to health, medical, recovering health from injuries or illness, care of old people and infants etc.
• Generally, these types of buildings provide sleeping facility for the occupants.
• These comes under Group - C category.

Additional Information

As per NBC buildings are classified as follows:

• Group A - residential buildings
• Group B - educational buildings
• Group C - Institutional 
• Group D - Assembly
• Group E - business
• Group F - Mercantine
• Group G - Industrial 
• Group H - storage
• Group J - Hazardous

Explanation:

Staircase:

• Stairs are a set of steps that give access from floor to floor.
• The room or enclosure of the building, in which stair is located is known as the staircase.
• A staircase provides access & communication between floors in multi-story buildings.

The following are the components of the staircase

Concept:

Parts of a door:

1. Jamb: These are the vertical components on each side of a door to which the doors get fastened to the frame with the help of screws or nails.
2. Sill: Sill is the bottom component of a door frame. It the part of the door that gets sealed and fastened to the floor.
3. Threshold: The wooden plank or slab of concrete or stone usually provided at the bottom of an entrance door is called the threshold.
4. Casing: Casing trim is designed to hide the gaps between a window or door frame and the surface of the interior wall.
5. Frame: Side jambs, head jambs, and mulls are the parts that make up the frame.
6. Mull: The line between the two pieces of a door or window is called mull (or mullion).

Additional Information

• Cornice: It is the decorated portion provided at top of the wall to protect the wall face.
• Reveal: The outer side of the door frame is called the reveal.

Explanation:

• The door shutters are a movable barrier consisting of a paneled assembly or otherwise which fits into the frame.
• It is the openable part of the door. They are an assembly of styles, panel, and rail.
• It is used to open or close the way to go inside or outside of a house or room.

Hold fast:

• Hold fast is a member that projects from the body of the door or window frame which holds the window or door frame in walls. Holdfasts are useful when the window and door frames are installed in place at the time of brickwork or blockwork, as those holdfasts need to be anchored in the wall.

Door frame:

• The door frame is the entire framework supporting the door, including the sill, jamb, and head. This is also known as a door sash. Door frames can be made of wood or aluminum, and are made to blend seamlessly with your home.

Rawlplug:

• A wall plug also is known as an anchor or "Rawlplug" is a fiber or plastic (originally wood) insert used to enable the attachment of a screw in the material that is porous or brittle or that would otherwise not support the weight of the object attached with the screw.

Important Points

Concept:

a) Shed roof: It is also referred to as a skillion. It is a single, sloping roof, usually attached to a taller wall.

b) Gable end roof: It is also known as pitched or peaked roof and is recognized by triangular shape.

c) Hipped roof: It has slopes on all four sides. The sides are all equal length and come together at the top to form a ridge.

d) Gambrel roof: It is also known as a barn roof. It is similar to mansard, the difference between the two is that the Gambrel only has two sides, while the mansard has four.

The lower side of the Gambrel roof has an almost vertical, steep slope, while the upper slope is much lower.

Different Types of roofs is depicted in the diagram below:

Explanation:

The soffit is the underside of stair.

Important Points

Headroom:

It is the minimum clear vertical distance between the trade and overhead structure.

Scotia:

It is moulding provided under the nosing to improve the elevation of the step and also provide strength to the nosing.

Newel Post:

It is vertical member which is placed at the end of flights to connects the end of string and hand rail.

Balustrade: 

It consist of a row of balustrade surrounded by a hand rail, to provide protection for the user of stair.