Knowledge Organization & Information Processing MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Knowledge Organization & Information Processing - Download Free PDF

The Correct answer is (a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (iii), (d) - (ii)

Key Points

• COMPASS-
  • It is a simplified and cost-effective system, developed and introduced to replace PRECIS in 1990.
  • It was introduced for BNB in 1991, and PRECIS was dropped.
  • Compass is a simpler and less labor-intensive method of creating an index.
  • The resultant entries produce a simplified subject description, which was all that was felt necessary for subject searching.
  • Compass retains some of Precis’ special features, such as role operators, and allows for meaningful access to the records available in BNB.
  • The indexer who writes the COMPASS input string also assigns the appropriate DDC number in the field of the worksheet meant for BNB.
  • The initial step of subject analysis is done only once while preparing the COMPASS input string for a document and this input string is taken as the basis for all later decisions relating to the derivation of subject data for a given document, and their incorporation in the relevant fields of the worksheet. 
  • COMPASS was dropped in 1995 in favor of the "Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)".
• SLIC:
  • SLIC is a method for creating indexes that combine multiple elements or facets.
  • It was developed by J. R. Sharp in 1966
  • Components of SLIC:
    • Title Indexing: SLIC includes indexing based on titles, ensuring that users can find relevant resources by searching for specific titles.
    • Control Devices: These are used in SLIC indexing to enhance precision and consistency.
    • Role Indicators: Specify the role of an indexed term (e.g., author, subject).
    • Linking Devices: Connect related terms or concepts.
    • Weighting: Assign importance or relevance scores to terms.
• Nested Phrase Indexing System (NEPHIS):
  • The Nested Phrase Indexing System (NEPHIS), created by Timothy Craven in 1986, is an ad hoc string indexing system.
  • NEPHIS comprises a coding scheme and a computer algorithm designed for indexing documents based on their titles.
  • This system is specifically employed to generate individual index entries intended for back-of-the-book indexes.
  • The manual for the Nested Phrase Indexing System (NEPHIS) introduces, defines, and provides usage guidelines for the computer-assisted indexing system.​
• PRECIS-
  • It stands for "PREserved Context Index System (PRECIS)" brought out in the early 1968
  • PRECIS is a system of subject indexing in which the initial string of terms is computer-manipulated in such a way that each sought term in the string functions as the approach term while preserving the full context of the document.
  • It was developed by Derek Austin and applied to the British National Bibliography (BNB) in 1971 as an alternative to the chain procedure for deriving subject index entries.
  • PRECIS developed its own code for the preparation of input strings by the human indexer and their subsequent processing by a computer.

The Correct answer is (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct

Key Points

• RDA (Resource Description and Access) is related to Cataloguing. 
• RDA stands for “Resource Description and Access.”
• It is the title of the standard, which is the successor to AACR2.
• RDA was initially released in June 2010.
• The Joint Steering Committee for Development of RDA (JSC), the current name of the committee, is responsible for the ongoing development of RDA.
• It is divided into 10 Sections.
• Resource Description and Access (RDA) is a standard for descriptive cataloging providing instructions and guidelines on formulating bibliographic data.
• In RDA, the class of materials is represented by content type, media type, and carrier type.
• These three elements combined form the basis for describing the physical and digital characteristics of a resource in a consistent and detailed manner. 

The Correct answer is (ii) and (iii) are correct

Key PointsThe UDC has employed two types of Auxiliaries:

​Common Auxiliaries:

• Common auxiliaries consist of two types of elements: signs and sub-divisions. .
• Signs are symbols that convey the relationship between two numbers, combining them to form a compound concept.
• Auxiliary sub-divisions:
  • The common auxiliary sub-divisions are presented as numeric tables.
  • They follow a hierarchical enumeration similar to the main tables but are identified by distinct symbols.
  • These symbols can either precede the number or enclose it.
  • These common auxiliaries are consistent across all or most subjects.
  • They are singularly listed in the scheme for easy extraction and application where needed.
  • Common auxiliary subdivisions aid in synthesis and serve as memory aids.
  • The associated symbols can function as facet indicators; for instance, parentheses may represent the space facet, while quotation marks indicate the time facet.

Special Auxiliaries:

• In contrast to common auxiliaries, special auxiliaries are not consolidated in a single location within UDC because they represent locally recurrent characteristics with limited applicability.
• These auxiliaries are dispersed throughout the tables, expressing concepts relevant to the specific subject where they are listed.
• Special auxiliaries are primarily enumerative, with the sole synthesizing sign being the apostrophe (').
• The special auxiliary subdivisions refer to locally recurrent characteristics.
• The special auxiliary subdivisions use three kinds of notation
  • The Hyphen series
  • The Point-Nought series
  • The Apostrophe series

The Correct answer is the METAe project group.

Key Points

• The Analyzed Layout and Text Object (ALTO) is an open XML Schema formulated by the METAe project, which received funding from the European Union.
• ALTO is frequently employed in conjunction with the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) for comprehensively detailing digitized objects and establishing connections across ALTO files, such as providing a description of reading sequences.
• Since 2010, the Library of Congress has been the host of this standard, and it is managed by the Editorial Board established at the same time.
• From the initial version of the ALTO standard in June 2004 (version 1.0), CCS Content Conversion Specialists GmbH, Hamburg, oversaw ALTO up to version 1.4.

Additional Information

• RLG:
  • The Research Libraries Group (RLG) was a library consortium headquartered in the United States, operational from 1974 until its amalgamation with the OCLC library consortium in 2006.
  • Under RLG, the SHARES program was instituted as an Interlibrary Lending and Document Supply Program, aimed at facilitating resource sharing among RLG members.
  • RLG was responsible for the development of several notable resources, including the Eureka interlibrary search engine, the RedLightGreen database containing bibliographic descriptions, and ArchiveGrid, a database comprising descriptive information about archival collections.

The Correct answer is 1957.

Key Points

• The Society of Indexers (UK):
  • ​Founded in 1957, the Society of Indexers is the independent professional body for indexers in the UK and Ireland.
  • It works closely with the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals and maintains global affiliations, though its office is based in Sheffield.
  • Membership—open to anyone involved in indexing—spans over a hundred subject areas, from accountancy to zoology.
  • The Society’s mission is to advance the practice and professionalism of indexing.
• Key Activities:
  • Training & Accreditation: Offers a distance-learning course in indexing, leading to Accredited Indexer status, with further progression to Advanced Professional Member and Fellow.
  • Annual Conference: Brings together indexers for workshops, presentations, and networking.
  • Publications:
    • The Indexer (since 1958; quarterly, print & online), the official journal of global indexing societies.
    • SIdelights, a quarterly members-only newsletter.
  • Membership Services:
    • Directory of available indexers.
    • Local discussion groups and the “SIdeline” email list for peer support and information exchange.

the correct answer is Name Section:

Key PointsMain Entry of Classified Catalogue: CCC defines the main entry as a specific entry giving maximum information about the whole of a document. 

• Structure of main entry according to CCC 5th E.d
  • According to Rule MB0 of CCC, the sections of the main entry of the classified catalog consist of the following sections:
    • Leading section
    • Heading section
    • Title Section
    • Note section, if any
    • Accession number; and
    • Tracing.
• Out of the above six sections, the first five sections are recorded on the front side of the catalogue card and the sixth section i.e. tracing is recorded on the back of the card.

The correct answer is Increasing the capacity of an array with the aid of an empty digit.

Key Points

• Sectorising Digits/Device:
  • ​This is an effective device to accommodate a subject at a proper place in an array even if no vacant place is there.
  • For this Ranganathan invented an ingenious method of empty digits, now also called Sectorising Digits.
  • To increase the capacity of an array, CC has introduced what is called an empty digit. An empty digit has no semantic value, but it retains the ordinal value.
  • Ranganathan sets aside 0,9,z, and Z as empty digits.
  • These digits are never used alone but are used as repeater digits to extend an array.

Additional Information

• Digits T, V, and X are set aside as emptying digits as these empty a preceding digit of its meaning but allow it to retain its ordinal value.
• To make further rather almost unlimited interpolation in the Colon Classification U, W
  and Y have been postulated as Empty-Empty digits. 
• The four major devices used in CC are:
  • Chronological device
  • Geographical device
  • Subject device
  • Alphabetical device

The correct answer is Resource Description and Access.

Key Points

• Resource Description and Access:
  • AACR stands for Anglo-American Cataloging Rules.
  • AACR2 Revised Edtion was abandoned in 2005.
  • After that RDA (Resource Description and Access) was released in June 2010.
  • RDA is known as the successor of the AACR2.
• BIBFRAME:
  • It stands for Bibliographic Framework.
  • It was designed by Library of Congress.
  • It was designed to replace Marc's standards.
  • Version 2.0 was released in 2016.
• AACR - 4:
  • ​There is no such term as AACR-4.
  • Plans for the third edition (AACR-3) were abandoned in 2005.
• CCC:
  • ​CCC stands for Classified Catalogue Code.
  • CCC first edition was launched in 1934 by Dr. SR Ranganathan.
  • 5th edition (1960) is the latest edition of CCC.

 Additional Information

• AACR first edition was introduced in 1967.
• AARC 2 was introduced in 1978
• AARC 2 'Revised Edition' came in the year 1988.
• AACR 2 Revised Edtion is also written as "Second Revised Edtion of AACR"

The correct answer is "Law of parsimony".

Key Points

• Law of parsimony-
  • ​The law directs that between two or more possible alternatives bearing on a particular phenomenon the one leading to the overall economy of manpower, material, money, and time, considered together with proper weightage, is to be preferred.
  • A faceted scheme consists of a set of schedules instead of a single schedule for all subjects in an enumerative classification. Our experience shows that the length of schedules gets reduced in the first one, thereby satisfying the law of parsimony.
  • Example: In case a collection is to be reclassified the law of parsimony would suggest that only that part of the collection be classified which is known to be in much use, and also those documents that are returned by the users after being taken out by them from the collection. 
• Law of impartiality-
  • The law directs that between two or more claimants (e.g, for the first position among two facets of a subject or the choice to be made among the needs of different categories of users) preference should be made only on sufficient grounds, and not arbitrarily.
  • Example: The law of impartiality insists that the sequence of facets in different subjects should not be determined in an arbitrary manner in each subject. The sequence should be based on some guiding principles of a general nature, equally applicable to all subjects. That is why Ranganathan has suggested the application of wall-picture principles for facet sequence.
• Law of interpretation-
  • ​Ranganathan refers to 1008 principles of interpretation, listed in the Nyaya-Kosa. These principles are applicable in interpreting legal texts. The canons, principles, postulates, and rules of classification taken together can be considered legal documents. Therefore, we should interpret various sections just like legal text. In case of a conflict, the conflict should be resolved with the aid of the laws of interpretation. If necessary, the rules, principles, and canons should also be modified to solve the conflicts. It has been suggested by Ranganathan that colon classification should be scrutinized from the angle of these laws. This will help in determining many of its weaknesses. CC could be revised to overcome these weaknesses. Similarly, the laws of interpretation can be applied in the study of other schemes also.
• Law of symmetry-
  • The law prescribes that of two entities or situations which admit to being regarded as symmetrical counterparts of each other, if one entity or situation is given weight in any particular context, the other entity or situation should also be given a corresponding weight.
  • Example: In CC, Ranganathan allocated greater ordinal value to Roman caps than Indo-Arabic numerals. Later Roman small letters were used to represent posteriorizing common isolates. These were given lesser ordinal values than Indo-Arabic numerals, which led to the satisfaction of the law of symmetry.

The Correct answer is the Subject of small extension and great intention;

Key Points

•  According to S R Ranganathan, 'Micro Subject' refers to a Subject of small extension and great intention.
•  The micro subject covers a relatively limited range of topics but has significant depth and intention in terms of the depth of understanding, analysis, and exploration of those topics.

Additional Information

• A complex subject is formed by the combination of two or more subjects (simple or compound subjects) or two or more facets. 
• Compound subject: A subject composed of a basic class and one or more isolates.
• Basic subject: A subject which is usually a main class or the first facet in the facet formula. It is a subject without an isolate idea.

The correct answer is Schedules of classics and sacred books with special names.

Key Points

•  Part 1 - Rules
  • ​Part 1 of the Colon Classification deals with the Rules of the Classifications.
  • It deals with Call-Number, ClassNumber, Book-Number, and Collection Numbers.
• Part 2 - Schedules
  • ​Part 2 of the Colon classification deals with the Schedules of Classifications.
  • The Alphabetical Index to all the other isolates is given in Alphabetical Sequence at the end of Part 2. 
• Part 3 - Classics and Sacred Books
  • ​Part 3 gives classes and classics in Indology worked out in far greater detail.
  • The Indological schedules will also be of use in classifying Manuscript Libraries.
  • It includes schedules of Sacred Books with special names. 

Additional Information

Colon classification:

• It is the library classification system developed by SR Ranganathan in 1931.
• The colon classification system uses 42 main classes that are combined with other letters, numbers, and marks.
• The latest edition of the CC is the 7th edition which was introduced in the year 1987.

The correct answer is Posteriorising Personality Common Isolate

Key Points

• ​Ranganathan defines common isolates as "an isolated idea denoted by the same isolate term and represented by the same isolate number, quite irrespective of the compound subject in which it occurs, or the basic subject with which the compound subject goes".
• Types of Common Isolates in CC:
  • Anteriorising common isolates
    Applicable after time facet
    T - commission report
    t4 - survey
    v - source material
    v46 - genealogy
    v6 chronology 
  • Posteriorising Common Isolates in CC: Posteriorising common isolates are of three types, personality, matter, and energy
    common isolates. A personality common isolate stands mainly for institutions, some of which- are as follows: 
    • f - investigating- institution
      f2 - an observational institution
      f3 - laboratory
      g - learned body
      h6 - museum
      y - cultural organizations 
•  Colon Classification:
  • ​The first edition of CC was published in 1933  with Three parts by the Madras Library Association.
  • It was compiled by Dr. Ranganathan.
  • The second edition of Colon Classification was published in 1939 with four parts.
  • Main classes  Spiritual Experience and Mysticism were added in 2nd ed. Also, octave principles were added.
  • The third edition of Colon Classification 'appeared in 1950 fourth in 1952 Fifth in 1957, the Sixth in 1960, and the Seventh ed. in 1987.
  • The Notation in CC ed & comprises 74 digits which have been divided into six species.
  • The four major devices used in CC are:
    •  Chronological device
    •  Geographical device
    • Subject device
    • Alphabetical device
    • The method for mapping the universe of subjects in CC is Faceted.
    • 6th ed . of CC is a Freely faceted classification scheme.
    • In CC double inverted comma indicates a Common isolate.
    • The asterisk indicates agglomeration and interpolation.

The correct answer is "15 Elements".

Additional Information

• Dublin Core is an initiative to create a Digital Library Card Catalogue for the web.
• Dublin Core Metadata is a set of 15 core elements.
• The 15 elements of Dublin Core Metadata are- 
  • Contributor
  • Coverage
  • Creator 
  • Date
  • Description
  • Format
  • Identifier
  • Language
  • Publisher
  • Relation
  • Rights
  • Source 
  • Subject 
  • Title 
  • Type

The correct answer is Bias.

Key Points

• Phase Relation is the method of assembling two or more subjects, facets, or isolate ideas.
• In Colon Classification, there are 6 kinds of Phase Relation.
• The table of Indicator of each phase relation is given below:

​

Table of Indicators of phase relations:

Additional Information

• Colon Classification (CC) is a scheme of library classification developed by S. R. Ranganathan.
• The first edition of CC was published in 1933.
• Intra-Array, Intra-Facet, and Inter-Subject are the types of Phase Relation in Colon Classification. 

The Correct answer is Ami Cutter.

Key Points

• 1876 was a significant year in the history of cataloging due to the publication of Charles Ammi Cutter's Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue (RDC), which initially consisted of 205 rules.
• The fourth edition, published in 1904 from Washington, expanded this to 369 rules.
• Cutter's code of rules not only provided guidance for subject entry and the arrangement of entries but also suggested methods for brief, moderately full, and very full cataloging, making it suitable for various types of libraries.
• Cutter emphasized that catalogs should not only direct readers to individual publications but also collect and organize literary units.
• Renowned librarian Dr. S R Ranganathan praised Cutter as a genius and regarded his work, RDC, as a classic and immortal contribution to the field.
• Notably, the code included rules for corporate authorship, with more development and numerous guidelines compared to the British Museum.
• It also featured valuable discussions on the entry under the name of institutions and government organizations, the division of corporate authorship into four types, and the recommendation of double entry when no other alternatives were deemed entirely acceptable.
• The code began with a list of objectives and definitions, with additional rules for cataloging special materials, such as manuscripts and maps, provided by other compilers at the end of the work.

Additional Information Other Cataloguing codes: