Plant Kingdom MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Plant Kingdom - Download Free PDF

The correct answer is Asexual reproduction

Explanation:

• Bryophytes are a group of non-vascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They are characterized by their simple structure and life cycle, which involves alternation of generations.
• In bryophytes, gemmae are small, multicellular structures that serve as a means of vegetative (asexual) reproduction.
• Asexual reproduction in Marchantia (Liverwort) takes place by fragmentation of thalli, or by the formation of specialized structures called gemmae (sing. Gemma).
• In Marchantia, the plant body consists of a dorsiventrally flattened, prostrate and dichotomously branched thallus.
• The thalli are conspicuous, apex of each thallus is notched.
• Along the mid-rib are present characteristic, prominent goblet or cup-shaped structures, the gemma cups, with smooth, dentate or frilled margins.
• These cups enclose asexual reproductive bodies called gemma.
• Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds, which develop in small receptacles called gemma cups located on thalli.
• The gemmae become detached from the parent body and germinate to form new individuals.

Fig: A liverwort – Marchantia (a) Female thallus (b) Male thallus

The correct answer is A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

Explanation:

• Pteridophytes (A-IV):
  • Pteridophytes are vascular plants that reproduce via spores and do not produce seeds or flowers.
  • An example of a pteridophyte is Salvinia, a water fern commonly found in aquatic habitats.
• Bryophytes (B-III):
  • Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that thrive in moist environments and reproduce via spores.
  • Polytrichum, a genus of mosses, is a well-known example of bryophytes.
• Angiosperms (C-I):
  • Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits. They represent the most advanced and diverse group of plants.
  • Salvia, a genus of flowering plants, is a representative example of angiosperms.
• Gymnosperms (D-II):
  • Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants that do not produce flowers or fruits. Their seeds are "naked" or exposed.
  • Ginkgo, often referred to as a "living fossil," is a classic example of gymnosperms.

The correct answer is Seeds are naked

Explanation:

• Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes.
• The term "gymnosperm" comes from Greek words meaning "naked seed"
• The gymnosperms are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilisation.
• The seeds that develop post-fertilisation, are not covered, i.e., are naked.
• Gymnosperms are vascular plants, meaning they have specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients.
• They are predominantly woody trees and shrubs and are adapted to survive in various climatic conditions.

Other Options

• Seeds are enclosed in fruits: This statement refers to angiosperms, which are flowering plants. In angiosperms, seeds develop inside fruits formed from the ovary after fertilization.
• Seeds are absent: Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants.Plants without seeds are typically non-vascular plants like mosses or vascular plants like ferns, which reproduce via spores.
• Gymnosperms have flowers for reproduction: Flowers are a characteristic feature of angiosperms, not gymnosperms.

The correct answer is 3) B, E, A, D, C

Concept:

• Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They exhibit a distinct alternation of generations between the haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte stages.
• The dominant stage in the life cycle of bryophytes is the gametophyte, which is haploid and independent. The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition.
• The life cycle involves the production of gametes, fertilization, sporophyte development, spore formation via reduction division (meiosis), and subsequent germination of haploid spores to form new gametophytes.

Explanation:

• Step 1 (B - Attachment of gametophyte to substratum): The life cycle begins with the haploid gametophyte, which attaches itself to the substratum, such as soil or rocks, via rhizoids. The gametophyte is photosynthetic and forms the primary plant body.
• Step 2 (E - Release of antherozoids into water): Male gametophytes produce biflagellate antherozoids (sperm cells) in the antheridia, which are released into water. Bryophytes depend on water for fertilization.
• Step 3 (A - Fusion of antherozoid with egg): Antherozoids swim through water to reach the archegonia (female reproductive structures), where fertilization occurs. The fusion of antherozoid and egg forms a diploid zygote.
• Step 4 (D - Formation of sporophyte): The zygote develops into a diploid sporophyte, which remains attached to and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte. The sporophyte consists of a foot, seta, and capsule.
• Step 5 (C - Reduction division to produce haploid spores): Inside the capsule of the sporophyte, meiosis (reduction division) occurs, leading to the production of haploid spores. These spores are released and germinate to form new gametophytes, completing the life cycle.

The correct answer is B, A, D, E, C

Concept:

• Pteridophytes are a group of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and do not produce seeds or flowers. Their life cycle follows an alternation of generations, involving a diploid sporophytic generation and a haploid gametophytic generation.
• The life cycle of pteridophytes includes several key stages: spore formation through meiosis, germination of spores into a gametophyte (prothallus), development of sex organs (archegonia and antheridia), fertilization, and the formation of a new sporophyte.

Explanation:

• Step B: Meiosis in spore mother cells: The life cycle begins with meiosis in the spore mother cells of the sporophyte, resulting in the production of haploid spores. This marks the transition from the diploid sporophytic phase to the haploid gametophytic phase.
• Step A: Prothallus stage: The haploid spores germinate to form a small, heart-shaped structure called the prothallus (gametophyte). This is the gametophytic stage in the life cycle.
• Step D: Formation of archegonia and antheridia in gametophyte: The prothallus develops specialized structures—archegonia (female sex organs) and antheridia (male sex organs)—which produce eggs and antherozoids (male gametes), respectively.
• Step E: Transfer of antherozoids to the archegonia in presence of water: Water plays a crucial role in the transfer of antherozoids to the archegonia, allowing fertilization to occur. This step requires a moist environment for the motile sperm to reach the egg.
• Step C: Fertilization: Fertilization occurs within the archegonium, resulting in the formation of a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into a new sporophyte, completing the life cycle.

The correct answer is a - iv, b - iii, c - ii, d - i.

Key Points

• Blue-green Algae (Cyanobacteria)
  • Blue-green algae are actually bacteria and are also known as Cyanobacteria.
  • They are photosynthetic organisms and can live in a wide variety of environments, including freshwater, seawater, damp soil, or rocks.
  • Cyanobacteria are known for their significant contribution to the Earth's oxygen atmosphere.
  • They can exist as single cells or can form colonies.
• Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
  • Red algae, often called Rhodophyta, have been identified as one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae.
  • They are mostly found in the warmer waters of the ocean.
  • Red algae are of great economic value because of their use in the production of agar and carrageenan, substances used as thickening agents in various food products.
  • Their red colour is due to the pigment, phycoerythrin.
• Green Algae (Chlamydomonas)
  • Green algae are a diverse group of algae from which plants evolved. Chlamydomonas is a genus of unicellular green algae.
  • Chlamydomonas species are widely distributed worldwide and are found in soil and freshwater.
  • They have two flagella that allow them to move.
  • They are known for their green colour due to the presence of chlorophyll.
• Brown Algae (Sargassum)
  • Brown algae are the most complex type of algae; many are seaweeds.
  • Sargassum is a brown algae, known for forming massive floating forests in the ocean.
  • It is primarily marine and is found in warm-temperate and tropical oceans.
  • They provide important ecological functions such as providing habitats for a wide variety of marine species.
  • The brown colour is due to the presence of a pigment called fucoxanthin, which masks the green colour of chlorophyll.

The correct answer is Rhodophyceae.Key Points

• Red algae:-
  • It is a type of marine algae that are predominantly red in color due to the presence of pigments such as phycoerythrins and phycocyanins.
  • They are found in both tropical and temperate waters and play an important role in marine ecosystems as primary producers and as a food source for herbivorous marine animals.
  • Some species of red algae are also used by humans for various purposes such as food, medicine, and cosmetics.
  • Red algae are known for their ability to survive in extreme environments such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents and polar regions.

Additional Information

• Chlorophyceae:
  • This is a class of green algae that are mostly freshwater species and are commonly found in ponds, lakes, and streams.
• Liverwort:
  • This is a type of non-vascular plant that grows in damp habitats such as forests, bogs, and riverbanks.
  • They are commonly found in temperate and tropical regions and play an important role in soil formation and nutrient cycling.
• Phaeophyceae:
  • This is a class of brown algae that are predominantly marine and are commonly found in temperate and cold waters.
  • They are important primary producers in coastal ecosystems and are also used by humans for food and other purposes.

The correct answer is Marchantia.Key Points

• Liverworts:-
  • These are non-vascular plants that belong to the phylum Hepatophyta.
  • The umbrella-shaped structures that raise gametangia above the main gametophyte body are known as archegoniophores.
  • These archegoniophores are found in the genus Marchantia.
• Marchantia:-
  • It is a genus of liverworts, which are a type of non-vascular plant often found in moist and damp environments.
  • Liverworts belong to the division Marchantiophyta and are some of the earliest land plants to have evolved.
  • Marchantia liverworts are small, flat, and leafy plants that typically grow in low, spreading mats.
  • They have a distinctive appearance with flattened, lobed structures that resemble tiny leaves.

Additional Information

• Polytrichum:-
  • It​ also known as haircap moss, is a type of moss that forms dense cushions or tufts in moist habitats.
• Funaria:-
  • It​ is also known as cord moss, is a common type of moss that is found in moist, shaded habitats.
• Sphagnum:-
  • It is  also known as peat moss, is a type of moss that is found in wetlands and bogs and is known for its ability to store water.

The correct answer is Species.

Key Points

• Species are the fundamental classification unit.
  • A Species is a group of organisms with similar Morphologies that are capable of Mating.
  • The Basic unit of Classification and Taxonomic order for an individual in biology is a species, which is also a part of Biodiversity.
  • Species is the largest group of creatures in which any two compatible Partners, typically through sexual reproduction, can produce fertile offspring.
  • A Species can also be distinguished by its karyotype, DNA sequencing, outward appearance, behavioral patterns, and ecological niche. Because it is impossible to assess the development of fossils, paleontologists also use the chronospecies concept.
  • All species, with the exception of viruses, have a two-part name called a "binomial." The first part is the genus to which the species belongs.

Additional Information

• Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are the 7 different kingdoms.
  • A Genus is a taxonomic category ranking used in biological classification that is below family and above species.

The correct answer is i - b, ii - a, iii - d, iv - c. Key Points

• Chlorophyceae:-
  • It is a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology.
  • They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
  • The chloroplast may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral- or ribbon-shaped in different species.
  • Most of the members have one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids located in the chloroplast.
  • Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch. Some green algae may store food in the form of oil droplets.
• Phaeophyceae:-
  • It also known as brown algae, is a class of multicellular algae that are found primarily in marine environments.
  • They are distinguished by their brown color, which is due to the presence of the pigment fucoxanthin.
  • Brown algae range in size from microscopic filaments to giant kelp forests that can reach over 60 meters in length.
• Cyanophyceae:-
  • It is known as Cyanobacteria, is a class of prokaryotic organisms that obtain energy via photosynthesis.
  • It is known as Blue-green algae.
  • They are considered to be the oldest form of life on Earth, with fossils dating back over 3.5 billion years.
  • Cyanobacteria are found in a wide variety of habitats, including freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments.
• Rhodophyceae:-
  • It also known as red algae, is a class of eukaryotic algae that are found primarily in marine environments.
  • They are distinguished by their red color, which is due to the presence of the pigment phycoerythrin.
  • Red algae range in size from microscopic filaments to large, complex seaweeds.

The correct answer is Gymnosperms.Key Points

• Cycas and Pinus are both examples of gymnosperms, which are plants that produce seeds without enclosing them in a fruit.
• Gymnosperms are typically woody plants with needle-like or scale-like leaves and are often adapted to harsh environments, such as deserts or cold climates.

Additional Information

• Pteridophyta refers to ferns and their relatives, which reproduce via spores rather than seeds.
• Thallophyta is a group of plants that includes algae and fungi, which are not closely related to Cycas and Pinus.
• Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit, such as apples or tomatoes.

The correct answer is Pitcher plant.

Key Points

• Insect-eating plants are called insectivorous plants and they derive nutrition by consuming insects and likewise other organisms.
  • Insectivorous plants examples include Venus flytrap, bladderwort, cobra lily, drosera or sundews and pitcher plant. 
  • Pitcher plants belong to large carnivorous plants and have modified leaves acting as pitfall traps that have sugary nectar and make insects fall via slippery surfaces into digestive juices.
  • Insectivorous Plants found at nitrogen deficient soils.

Additional Information

• Cuscuta, commonly known as dodder is a genus of over 201 species of yellow, orange, or red (rarely green) parasitic plants.
• Cuscuta is known as Amarbel in India.
• A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil.

The correct answer is Bryophytes.Key Points

• The plant kingdom that is divided into liverworts and mosses is Bryophytes.
• Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that do not have specialized tissues for the transport of water and nutrients.
• Bryophytes are typically small and prefer damp locations, though they can endure in drier conditions as well.
• There are around 20,000 different plant species in the bryophytes.
• Bryophytes do not produce flowers or seeds, but instead gametangia and sporangia, which are enclosed reproductive organs. 
• They create gemmae or fragments to reproduce asexually or sexually, respectively, using spores and spores.​

Additional Information

• Pteridophytes are vascular plants that include ferns and horsetails.
  • They have specialized tissues for the transport of water and nutrients.
• Spermatophyta are seed-bearing vascular plants that include gymnosperms and angiosperms.
• Sphenopsida are a class of vascular plants that include horsetails and scouring rushes.

Concept-

• Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera.
• Blue-green algae come under Kingdom Monera.
• Blue-green algae are also known as cyanobacteria.
• Blue-green algae are photosynthetic autotrophs.

Explanation-

• Some of the Blue-green algae can perform Nitrogen fixation.
• Blue-green algae fix nitrogen through specialized cells called heterocysts.
• They convert atmosphere nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds like amino acids, nitrates. These nitrates increase the fertility of the soil.
• Hence blue-green algae improve the fertility of the soil by nitrogen fixation.

Examples of blue-green algae that fix nitrogen are Nostoc.

Important Points

• Cyanobacteria were the first organisms that produced oxygen on our earth.

Additional Information

• Brown algae, green algae, and red algae are the algae that come under Kingdom Plantae.
  • Member of Chlorophyceae is commonly known as 'green algae'.
  • Member of Phaeophyceae is commonly known as 'brown algae'.
  • Member of Rhodophyceae is commonly known as 'red algae'.