Reproductive Health MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Reproductive Health - Download Free PDF

The correct answer is B, D, F only

Explanation:

IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) is a medical procedure in which an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body and then implanted into the uterus. It is a widely accepted method for treating infertility in couples who are unable to conceive naturally.

• Expensive instruments and reagents (Option B): IVF is a costly procedure, requiring specialized equipment, reagents, and trained professionals. The high cost can make it inaccessible to many couples.
• Less adoption of orphans (Option D): The availability of IVF as a solution to infertility might reduce the willingness of couples to adopt orphaned children, as they prefer biological offspring.
• Possibility that the early embryo does not survive (Option F): There is a risk that the embryo created during IVF may not survive or fail to implant in the uterus, leading to emotional distress and additional financial costs.

Other options:

• High fatality risk to mother (Option A): IVF does not pose a high fatality risk to the mother. While there may be mild to moderate side effects, life-threatening risks are rare and are usually associated with pre-existing health conditions.
• Husband/wife necessary for being donors (Option C): This statement is inaccurate. Donor eggs or sperm can be used in IVF procedures, meaning that a husband or wife is not always required to be the donor.
• Not available in India (Option E): This is incorrect as IVF is widely available in India, with numerous clinics providing the procedure across the country.

The correct answer is Only Statement 1 is true.

Explanation:

Statement 1: AI can involve the use of donor sperm.

• This is true.
• Artificial insemination can be performed using the sperm of the partner or donor sperm, particularly in cases where the male partner has fertility issues or there is no male partner involved (e.g., single women or same-sex female couples).

Statement 2: AI involves transferring embryos into the uterus.

• This is not true.
• Artificial insemination involves the direct insertion of sperm into the woman's reproductive tract (cervix, uterus, or fallopian tubes) to facilitate fertilization.
• Transferring embryos into the uterus is a procedure associated with in vitro fertilization (IVF), not AI

The correct answer is 1 and 3

Concept:

• The zygote or early embryos (with up to 8 blastomeres) could then be transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT–zygote intra fallopian transfer)
• Embryos with more than 8 blastomeres, into the uterus (IUT – intra uterine transfer), to complete its further development.
• Embryos formed by in-vivo fertilisation (fusion of gametes within the female) also could be used for such transfer to assist those females who cannot conceive.

Explanation:

1. Embryos with up to 8 blastomeres are transferred into the uterus.

• This statement is incorrect because zygote or early embryos (with up to 8 blastomeres) could then be transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT–zygote intra fallopian transfer)

2. Embryos formed by in-vivo fertilization can be used for transfer.

• In-vivo fertilization refers to fertilization that occurs naturally within the body. In the assisted reproductive technologies, embryos are usually formed by in-vitro fertilization (IVF) in a laboratory setting and then transferred. 

3. Embryos with more than 8 blastomeres are transferred into the fallopian tube.

• This statement is incorrect because Embryos with more than 8 blastomeres, into the uterus (IUT – intra uterine transfer), to complete its further development.

The correct answer is 1 and 2 are true

Explanation:

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2017 was enacted by the government of India with the intension of reducing the incidence of illegal abortion and consequent maternal mortality and morbidity.

1. The opinion of one registered medical practitioner is required to terminate a pregnancy within the first 12 weeks.

• This is true. According to the Act, the opinion of one registered medical practitioner is sufficient to terminate a pregnancy within the first 12 weeks.

2. The Act is intended to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity.

• This is true. The objective of the Act includes reducing maternal mortality and morbidity by providing safe, legal, and accessible means of terminating a pregnancy.

3. Two medical practitioners' opinions are required for termination within the first 12 weeks.

• This is not true. If the pregnancy has lasted more than 12 weeks, but fewer than 24 weeks, two registered medical practitioners must be of the opinion.

4.The Act allows termination up to 20 weeks.

• This is not true. The Act allows for the termination of pregnancy upto more than 12 weeks, but fewer than 24 weeks with specific provisions and conditions in place

The correct answer is 2,3 and 5 are true

Explanation:

1. All STIs can be completely cured: This is not true. While many STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis can be treated and cured with antibiotics, others like herpes, HIV, and hepatitis B cannot be completely cured, although treatments can manage the symptoms and progression of these infections.
2. Using condoms can prevent STIs: This is true. Condoms are very effective in reducing the transmission of many STIs when used consistently and correctly.
3. STIs in females often go undetected. This is true. STIs in females can often be asymptomatic or have mild symptoms that may go unnoticed, leading to undetected and untreated infections.
4. All early symptoms of STIs are severe. This is not true. Many STIs have mild or no symptoms in the early stages, which is why they can go undetected and untreated for some time.  Early symptoms of most of these are minor and include itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swellings, etc., in the genital region.
5. STIs like hepatitis-B and HIV can be transmitted through non-sexual routes. This is true. Both hepatitis B and HIV can be transmitted through non-sexual routes such as sharing needles, blood transfusions, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.

Concept:  

• There are various different methods that can be used in birth control. These are called contraceptive methods.
• It helps to prevent unwanted pregnancies.
• Contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into the following categories, namely Natural/Traditional, Barrier, IUDs, Oral contraceptives, Injectables, Implants, and Surgical methods.

Explanation:

• Diaphragms are barrier methods of contraception. They cover the cervix and block the entry of sperm.
• Contraceptive pills are preparations containing either progestogens alone or a combination of progestogen and estrogen. They inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent the entry of sperms.
• Intrauterine devices increase the phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
• Lactational amenorrhea is a natural method of contraception and it is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore menstrual cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition.
• Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• It is to be noted that IUDs are one of the most widely accepted methods of contraception in India.

Concept:

• According to WHO, reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes.
• Good reproductive health according to WHO ensures that a person can reproduce and have the freedom to decide when and how often to do so.
• However, several factors such as physical, congenital, diseases, drugs, immunological, psychological, etc. often can affect the reproductive health of an individual. This affects the fertility of that person making it difficult for them to produce offspring.
• Such a person or couple can take the help of specialized health care units that help in diagnosis and corrective treatment enabling these couples to have children.
• In some cases, such treatments do not help and couples need to take the help of special techniques called Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) to have children.
• IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI, ET, etc. are some techniques that come under ART.

Explanation:

• Option 1: GIFT - INCORRECT
  • ​GIFT stands for Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer.
  • In this technique, an ovum from a donor female is transferred into the fallopian tube of the recipient female.
  • This technique is employed to have children when a female is not able to produce eggs. 
  • However, the reproductive system of the recipient female can provide a suitable environment for fertilization and further development.
• Option 2: ZIFT - INCORRECT
  • ZIFT stands for Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer.
  • In this technique, another technique of ART called the test tube baby program is employed.
  • In this technique, the zygote is formed outside the body in simulated laboratory conditions. The zygote so formed is produced by the fusion of ovum (from wife/ donor female) and sperm (from husband/ donor male).
  • The zygote or an early embryo (with up to 8 blastomeres) is then transferred into the fallopian tube of the female. This technique is referred to as ZIFT.
• Option 3: ICSI - CORRECT
  • ​ICSI stands for Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.
  • In this specialized technique, an embryo is formed in laboratory conditions by injecting sperm directly into the ovum.
• Option 4: ET - INCORRECT
  • ​ET stands for Embryo Transfer.
  • Embryo Transfer is the last step of IVF (In-vitro Fertilization).
  • In IVF, ova after being stimulated are harvested from the female who is the recipient of the treatment.
  • The eggs so harvested are then fertilized outside in simulated laboratory conditions.
  • The embryo so formed is then transferred to the female's uterus where further development takes place.

So from the above-given information, the correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• Contraceptives are birth control devices that help in preventing unwanted pregnancies.
• An ideal contraceptive should have the following features:
  • User-friendly
  • Easily available
  • Effective
  • Reversible with little or no side effects
  • Not interfere with the sexual drive or desire and the act of the user
• As contraceptives have widespread use, ideally they should not be costly.

Additional InformationContraceptive Methods -

• Natural Methods -
  • These include natural ways by which the meeting of sperm and ovum can be avoided.
  • There are 3 major ways - Periodic abstinence, Coitus interruptus and Lactational amenorrhea.
• Physical Methods/ Barriers -
  • Males can use condoms, while females can use diaphragm, cervical caps or vaults.
  • They block the entry of sperms through the cervix.
• IUDs -
  • Intra-uterine devices are inserted into the uterus through the vagina.
  • These can be non-medicated, copper-releasing or hormone-releasing.
  • Examples - Lippes loop, CuT, Cu7, Progestasert.
• Oral Contraceptives -
  • This involves oral administration of contraceptives which are also known as oral pills.
  • They are usually small doses of progesterone or a combination of progesterone and estrogen.
  • They prevent the release of ovum from the ovary.
• Surgical Methods -
  • This includes sterilization processes of tubectomy and vasectomy.
  • It is a terminal method and often irreversible.
  • It interferes with gamete transfer and thus prevent pregnancies.

Correct Answer: Option 2

Concept:

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are infectious diseases that are spread through sexual contact with an infected person.
• Some STDs like HPV and herpes are spread by skin-to-skin contact as well. STDs like AIDS can also spread through the reuse of a needle previously used by an infected individual.
• Venereal Diseases (VD), Reproductive Tract Infections(RTI), and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) are the other names for STDs,
• The causative agents of STDs are bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
• Genital herpes, AIDS, HPV, syphilis, etc. are some examples of STDs.

Explanation:

• Option 1: Syphilis - INCORRECT
  • Syphilis is an STD caused by Treponema pallidum.
  • It affects the genitals, rectum, and mouth.
  • ​Spores or lesions called chancre appear at the site of infection. Other symptoms include mild fever, inflamed joints, loss of hair, etc.
• Option 2: AIDS - CORRECT
  • AIDS is caused by a retrovirus - Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
  • The primary site of infection of HIV is the immune system. HIV slowly destroys the immune system making the entire body susceptible to other infections.
  • Since HIV weakens the immunity system of an infected person, a person is more likely to fall ill from even minor infections. Symptoms such as chills, sweat, fever, weakness, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, etc. are seen in an infected person.
• Option 3: Gonorrhea - INCORRECT
  • ​Gonorrhea is caused by the bacteria -  Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
  • It affects the mucous membrane of the urinogenital tract. In females - Cervix, uterus, fallopian tube, and urethra. In males - The urethra. Apart from this, the infection can also occur in the rectum, throat, and eye.
  • In males, it causes partial blockage of the urethra, pain, burning sensation during urination, dysuria, pus from the penis, etc.                         
  • In females, it causes inflammation of the urinary tract, dysuria, increased vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding between periods, etc.
• Option 4: Genital warts - INCORRECT
  • ​Genital warts are caused by low-risk strains of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
  • In males, it affects the penis, scrotum, and thighs, inside or around the anus. In females, it affects the inside or around the vagina and anus, and cervix. Apart from these sites, warts may also appear on the mouth, lips, and tongue.
  • It causes vaginal discharge (in females), itching, bleeding, and burning at the site of infection.

Thus from the above-given information, the STD that does not specifically affect the sex organs is AIDS.

So the correct answer is option 2.

Explanation:

• Amniocentesis is a fetal sex determination method based on the chromosomal pattern (karyotyping) in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.
• In the 14th or 15th  week a small amount of amniotic fluid is taken out from the uterus, using a surgical needle. In this fluid, few cells of embryo-like skin, liver & placenta are present.
• They are tested to know:

1. Genetic anomalies like Down syndrome
2. Metabolic disorders
3. Determining fetal sex

Important Points

• There is a statutory ban on amniocentesis for sex determination to legally check increasing female foeticides

​Additional Information

• Umbilical cord blood sampling: It is a prenatal diagnostic test used for determining fetal abnormalities by examining the blood from the fetal umbilical cord.
• It is also used to check the fetal oxygen level
• Chorionic villus sampling: It entails sampling of the chorionic villus (placental tissue) and testing it for chromosomal abnormalities, usually with FISH or PCR. CVS usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation, earlier than amniocentesis or percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling.
• Ultrasound imaging: It uses ultrasound waves to produce an image of the fetus on the monitor screen. It is usually done between the 18^th to 20^th week of pregnancy 

Concept:

• Contraceptives are birth control devices that help in preventing unwanted pregnancies.
• Various contraceptive methods can be divided into:

1. Natural Methods -
   • These include natural ways by which the meeting of sperm and ovum can be avoided.
   • There are 3 major ways - Periodic abstinence, Coitus interruptus and Lactational amenorrhea.
2. Physical Methods/ Barriers -
   • This is the method by which physical barriers are used to prevent pregnancy.
   • Males can use condoms, while females can use diaphragm, cervical caps or vaults.
   • They block the entry of sperms through the cervix.
3. IUDs -
   • Intra-uterine devices are inserted into the uterus through the vagina.
   • These can be non-medicated, copper-releasing or hormone releasing.
   • Examples - Lippes loop, CuT, Cu7, Progestasert.
4. Oral Contraceptives -
   • This involves oral administration of contraceptives.
   • It is also known as oral pills.
   • They are usually small doses of progesterone or a combination of progesterone and estrogen.
5. Surgical Methods -
   • This includes sterilization processes of tubectomy and vasectomy.
   • It is a terminal method and often irreversible.
   • It interferes with gamete transfer and thus prevent pregnancies.

Important Points

• Intra-uterine devices or IUDs are inserted into the uterus through the vagina by any medical professional only.
• These can be of 3 basic types:

1. Non-medicated -
   • These devices increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
   • Examples - Lippes loop.
2. Copper-releasing -
   • They release Cu ions which suppress sperm motility and fertilizing capacity of sperms.
   • Examples - Copper-T, Cu7, Multiload 375.
3. Hormone-releasing -
   • These make the uterus hostile and unsuitable for implantation.
   • Examples - Progestasert, LNG-20.

Therefore, the correct answer is copper-T.

Correct Answer: Option 1

Concept:

• According to WHO, reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes.
• Good reproductive health according to WHO ensures that a person can reproduce and have the freedom to decide when and how often to do so.

Explanation:

• Several plans and programs have been initiated in India to achieve complete reproductive health for all the citizens of the country.
• Family planning is a program that comes under the Reproductive health scheme and was initiated in the country in 1951.
• Other programs under this scheme are the Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) program. This program covers wider reproduction-related areas.
• The goal of these programs is to create awareness among people related to reproductive health. It provides facilities to people to maintain good reproductive health.
• The use of audio-visual and print -media can be done to create awareness among the people.
• Sex education in schools is yet another way of creating awareness about sex-related issues among young teenagers.
• Thus from the above-given information, a national-level approach to building up a reproductively healthy society was taken up in our country in the 1950s.

So the correct answer is option 1.

Concept:

• Contraceptives are birth control devices that help in preventing unwanted pregnancies.
• Various contraceptive methods can be divided into:
  • Natural Methods
  • Barrier Methods
  • Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)
  • Oral contraceptives (pills)
  • Surgical Methods

Important Points

• Barrier methods are physical contraceptives by which physical barriers are used to prevent pregnancy.
• They block the entry of sperms through the cervix.
• The most common are condoms, that are used by males.
• Females can use the following barriers:
  • Vaults
  • Diaphragm
  • Cervical caps
• These are usually made out of rubber and are inserted into the cervix of the female just before coitus.

Explanation:

Sterilization - 

• In context of birth control, sterilization refers to surgical methods of contraception.
• This includes surgical processes of tubectomy and vasectomy.
• It interferes with gamete transfer and thus prevent pregnancies.
• It is a terminal method and often irreversible, and hence make the individuals "sterile".

Concept: 

• Assisted Reproductive Technology or ART refers to the special techniques that are used to deal with infertility.
• The methods include gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), in vitro fertilization (IVF), zygote intra-Fallopian transfer (ZIFT), embryo transfer (ET), etc.
• These all methods aim to increase pregnancy probability to full term.

​​Explanation:​

Option 1:

• In GIFT (Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer), the ovum is collected from the donor and transferred into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce eggs.
• Therefore, this statement is the incorrect and hence incorrect option.

Option 2:

• Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT), also called Tubal Embryo Transfer is analogous to IVF.
• It is a form of assisted reproductive technology or ART procedure in which fertilization takes place in a laboratory.
• It is most often done when helping women with blocked Fallopian tubes that do not allow normal binding of sperm to egg thus preventing pregnancy.
• The zygote or early embryos (with up to 8 blastomeres) could then be transferred into the Fallopian tube (ZIFT–zygote intrafallopian transfer).
• Therefore, this is the correct answer.

Option 3:

• Embryos with more than 8 blastomeres are transferred into the uterus (IUT – Intra uterine transfer), to complete their further development. 
• This is also an important part of IVF.
• The ZIFT and IUT are types of embryo transfer techniques.

Option 4:

• Ova is never transferred to the uterus.
• Therefore, this statement is the incorrect.

Correct Answer: Option 4

Concept:

• Birth control is a means to prevent pregnancy.
• The measures that are taken to avoid fertilization and thus pregnancy are called contraceptives.
• An ideal contraceptive is readily available, effective, has no side effects, and is user-friendly.

Explanation:

• Condoms:
  • Condoms are mechanical temporary means of contraception.
  • Condoms are thin rubber or latex sheaths.
  • Condoms are used to cover the penis in males and the vagina or cervix in females just before coitus.
  • Condoms prevent the ejaculated semen from entering the female reproductive tract. Thus they prove to be effective barriers to insemination preventing conception.
  • Condoms do not interfere with the coital act.
  • The use of condoms has increased in recent years. It is simple, effective, and has no side effects.
  • Condoms provide users protection against STDs.
  • Both male and female condoms are disposable and should be discarded after each use.
  • Condoms can be self-inserted.

So from the above-given information, the correct answer is option 4.