Instruction Cycle MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Instruction Cycle - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

The correct answer is Giga Floating Point Operations Per Second.

Key Points

• GFLOPS Giga Floating Point Operations Per Second - A unit of measurement for the calculating speed of a computer equal to one billion floating-point operations per second is known as Giga Floating Point Operations Per Second(GFLOPS).

Important Points 

• A 1 gigaFLOPS (GFLOPS) computer system is capable of performing one billion (10⁹) floating-point operations per second.

Answer: Option 1

Data:

Computer P:

Clock Frequency = 20 MHz and a CPI = 3.6

Computer Q:

Clock Frequency = 10 MHz and a CPI = 4.9

Calculation:

Assume that the Instruction count is X.

For Computer P

(Execution Time)_P = X * (3.6) * (0.05 * 10^-6) = X*(0.18*10^-6)

(Execution Time)_Q = X*(4.9)*(0.1*10^-6) = X*(0.49*10^-6)

Clearly Execution time for P has the least coefficient hence Computer P will be faster.

And for calculating the second answer of the Question we need to calculate speed up

S = \(\frac{{Execution\;time\;for\;Q}}{{Execution\;ime\;for\;P}}\;\; \equiv \;\frac{{X \times \left( {0.49*{{10}^{ - 6}}} \right)}}{{X \times \left( {0.18 \times {{10}^{ - 6}}} \right)}}\; \equiv \;\frac{{0.49}}{{0.18}}\; \equiv 2.722222\;\;\)

Data:

Period (T) = 100 ms = 100 × 10^-3 sec  = 0.1 sec

Formula:

\({\rm{frequency\;}}\left( {\rm{f}} \right) = \frac{1}{{\rm{T}}}\)

Calculation:

\({\rm{f}} = \frac{1}{{\rm{T}}}\; = \frac{1}{{0.1}} = 10\;Hz\)

Type 1.

4 Instruction each with 3-integer register.

Total binary no. consumed=4*2¹²=2¹⁴

Type 2.

8 Instruction each with 2-floating point register.

Total binary no. consumed=8*2¹²=2¹⁵

Type 3

4 Instruction each with one integer and one floating point register.

Total binary no. consumed =14*2¹⁰=7*2¹¹

Type  4

N instruction each with one floating point register

Total binary no. consumed=N*2⁶

Total binary no. available =Total binary no. consumed by instructions to get max value of N

2¹⁶=2¹⁴+2¹⁵+7*2¹¹+N*2⁶

=> N=32.

The correct answer is Instruction Fetch.

Key Points

• Instruction fetch is the process of reading an instruction from memory into the processor.
• The sequence of micro-operations given corresponds to the steps involved in fetching an instruction from memory:
  • MBR ← PC: The content of the Program Counter (PC) is transferred to the Memory Buffer Register (MBR).
  • MAR ← X: The content of the register X is transferred to the Memory Address Register (MAR).
  • PC ← Y: The content of the register Y is transferred to the Program Counter (PC).
  • MEMORY ← MBR: The content of the MBR is transferred to the memory.
• This sequence is typical of the steps taken to fetch an instruction from memory, making instruction fetch the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The Program Counter (PC) holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched.
• The Memory Address Register (MAR) holds the address of the memory location to be accessed.
• The Memory Buffer Register (MBR) holds the data to be written to memory or the data read from memory.
• Fetching an instruction involves reading the instruction from memory into the instruction register.
• This process is crucial for the CPU to understand which operation to execute next.

The correct answer is Option 2: B, D, A, C.

Key Points

• The instruction cycle is the process by which a computer retrieves, decodes, and executes an instruction.
• The correct sequence of operations is:
  • Fetch the information (B): The instruction is fetched from memory.
  • Decode the instruction (D): The fetched instruction is decoded to understand the operation to be performed.
  • Read the effective address (A): The effective address of the data required for the operation is determined.
  • Execute the instruction (C): The instruction is executed and the desired operation is performed.

Additional Information

• The instruction cycle is fundamental to the operation of all computers and involves multiple steps to ensure that the correct operations are performed accurately.
• Each step in the cycle is crucial for the correct execution of instructions, ensuring that the computer processes data efficiently.
• Understanding the instruction cycle is important for those studying computer architecture and assembly language programming.

The correct answer is 8*10^–10 sec

Explanation:

To determine the clock period of a processor, we use the formula: 

              \(\text{Clock Period} = \frac{1}{\text{Clock Speed}}\)

Given Data:

• Clock Speed = 1250 million cycles per second
• Convert the clock speed to standard units (Hz):

   
                \(1250 \, \text{million cycles/second} = 1250 \times 10^6 \, \text{Hz} = 1.25 \times 10^9 \, \text{Hz}.\)
  

Step-by-Step Calculation:

The clock period (in seconds) is:

               \(\text{Clock Period} = \frac{1}{\text{Clock Speed}}.\)

Substitute the clock speed:

                \(\text{Clock Period} = \frac{1}{1.25 \times 10^9}.\)

Simplify:

                 \(\text{Clock Period} = 0.8 \times 10^{-9} \, \text{seconds}.\)

Rewriting:

                 \(\text{Clock Period} = 8 \times 10^{-10} \, \text{seconds}.\)

Final Answer: 4) \(8 \times 10^{-10} \, \text{seconds}\)

The correct answer is Stack

Key Points

• Stack Architecture: The stack architecture uses a Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) data structure to hold operands.
• This approach allows instructions to implicitly refer to operands on the top of the stack without needing to mention their addresses.
• For example, an 'ADD' instruction would add the two topmost elements of the stack, without having to know their specific addresses, hence they are called "zero address" instructions.
• This method saves memory because you don't have to specify full addresses for all operands.
• This technique is mostly used in hardware implementations and in some high-level programming languages.

Additional Information

• CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) Architecture: CISC architecture uses a variable length instruction set which attempts to minimize the number of instructions per program. This is done by embedding as much functionality as possible into each instruction, including complex calculations, memory manipulation, and more. These instructions may use various numbers of addressing modes, not limited to zero address.
• RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) Architecture: RISC architecture uses a simplified set of commonly used instructions for increased performance. These instructions typically require a very specific number of cycles to execute, which helps maintain a consistent performance rate. Similar to CISC, RISC uses different types of addressing for different instructions, not only zero address.
• Parallel Architecture: Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or processes are carried out simultaneously. In parallel architecture, a problem is divided into discrete parts that can be solved concurrently. Each part is further broken down to a series of instructions. Instructions from each part run simultaneously on different processors. They may or may not have zero address instructions, depending on the specific architecture of the system.

The correct answer is (C), (E), (A), (D), (B)

EXPLANATION:

• Fetch instruction from memory (C):
  • The first step in the execution cycle of an instruction is the instruction fetch, wherein the instruction is retrieved from memory. This is necessary because the Central Processing Unit (CPU) needs to know what operation to execute.
• Decode the instruction (E):
  • Once the instruction is fetched, it needs to be decoded or interpreted. During this step, the CPU's control unit identifies what operation is to be undertaken, based on the instruction's opcode.
• Calculate the effective address (A):
  • If the instruction has an operand, it's not usually the actual data but rather its address that is specified in the instruction. During this phase, the address for the operands is computed. The calculated effective address will be used to fetch the operand in the next step.
• Fetch the operand from memory (D):
  • Once the effective address has been calculated, the CPU can fetch the operand from memory. In other words, it retrieves the data that the operation will work on.
• Execute the instruction (B):
  • Finally, the action specified by the instruction is performed, typically a mathematical or logical operation on the fetched operand. The result of this operation may be stored back into memory, written to a register, or outputted depending on the specifics of the instruction.

So, this explains why option 3) (C), (E), (A), (D), (B) is the correct sequence for these steps in the execution of an instruction.

The correct answer is instruction register

Key Points

• Instruction Register:
  • The instruction register is where the currently executing instruction is stored.
  • When an instruction is fetched from memory to be executed, it is first placed into the instruction register.
  • From there, the CPU’s control unit can decode and execute the instruction.
• Accumulator:
  • The accumulator is a special type of processor register.
  • Its purpose is to store the intermediate results of calculations in the CPU.
  • For instance, if two numbers need to be added together, they could both be loaded into the accumulator and the result of the addition would be stored in the accumulator.
• Program Counter:
  • The program counter is another type of processor register.
  • It holds the address of the next instruction to be executed in the program.
  • After each instruction is fetched, the program counter is automatically incremented to point to the next instruction. If the current instruction involves a jump, the program counter will be updated with the address that is to be jumped to.