Digitization MCQ Quiz in मराठी - Objective Question with Answer for Digitization - मोफत PDF डाउनलोड करा

The correct answer is Mandatory Access Control (MAC).

Key Points

• Mandatory Access Control (MAC) is a type of access control where the operating system or security kernel enforces a policy that cannot be altered by users.
• In MAC, both subjects (users) and objects (files, resources) are assigned security levels.
• Access decisions are based on these security levels and the rules defined by the system administrator.
• Users cannot change access policies; they are strictly enforced by the system.
• MAC is commonly used in environments requiring high security, such as military or government institutions.
• Examples of systems that use MAC include SELinux and Trusted Solaris.

 Additional Information

• Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
  • DAC allows the owner of the resource to decide who can access it.
  • It is more flexible but less secure compared to MAC.
  • Commonly used in commercial and corporate environments.
• Role Based Access Control (RBAC)
  • RBAC assigns access based on roles within an organization.
  • It simplifies management by grouping permissions into roles rather than assigning them to individual users.
  • Widely used in enterprise environments for ease of administration.
• Content Dependent Access Control (CDAC)
  • CDAC grants access based on the content within the resource.
  • It is dynamic and can change based on the data's context or content.
  • Useful in environments where access needs to be fine-grained and context-aware.

The Correct answer is a - iii, b - iv, c - ii, d - i.

Key Points

• ​PMC:
  • PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital repository that stores open-access full-text scholarly articles from biomedical and life sciences journals.
  • It is a significant research database created by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
  • This enhances the XML structured data for each article. PMC's content can be interconnected with other NCBI databases, providing the public with enhanced tools to explore, read, and expand biomedical knowledge through the Entrez search and retrieval systems.
  • Since its inception in 2000, PMC has grown from comprising only two journals, PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and Molecular Biology of the Cell, to an archive of articles from thousands of journals. 
• KB e-depot:
  • ​The Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB), National Library of the Netherlands, recognized the growing significance of digital resources early on.
  • In 1998, it entered into an agreement with the Dutch Publishers Association to expand the Dutch voluntary deposit scheme to include offline electronic publications such as CD-ROMs. Subsequently, in 1999, a tender was initiated for the development of a long-term storage facility for electronic information resources.
  • Facing a lack of ready-made commercial products at that time, the KB collaborated with IBM to create the Digital Information Archiving System (DIAS), which eventually became known as the 'e-Depot.'
  • Operational since January 2003, the e-Depot was the pioneering storage facility explicitly designed to preserve digital objects indefinitely, aligning with the KB's role as the national deposit library.
  • Key Principles:
    • Publishers deposit their content free of charge.
    • The KB functions as a reliable archive for the publisher's content, incorporating digital preservation research.
    • Publishers consent to restricted on-site access to their content within the library, limited to individuals authorized by the KB.
    • The E-depot acts as an assurance for worldwide licensees of publishers.
• PORTICO:
  • ​PORTICO, a digital preservation service initiated in 2002 under the auspices of JSTOR, has since become an integral part of ITHAKA, a non-profit organization dedicated to aiding the academic community in leveraging digital technologies for the preservation of scholarly content.
  • This content includes e-journals, e-books, and digitized collections, ensuring accessibility to researchers, scholars, and students in the years to come.
  • PORTICO was officially launched in 2005.​
• LOCKSS:
  • ​The LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) program, established in 1999 by Dr. David S.H. Rosenthal and Victoria Reich with the backing of Stanford University, is dedicated to creating and sustaining open-source software for digital preservation.
  • This program ensures continued access to archived information even during temporary disruptions in access to a publisher's website.
  • Librarians employ their local LOCKSS box as a 'digital stacks' repository, securing and managing subscribed and open-access e-content.
  • This extends the traditional purchase-and-own model to electronic materials, reinforcing the role of libraries in the digital age.

The Correct answer is 1988.

Key Points

• The International DOI Foundation (IDF), established in 1998 as a non-profit organization, serves as the governing body for the DOI system.
• It protects intellectual property rights related to the DOI system, manages operational features, and promotes its development.
• The IDF ensures that enhancements to the DOI system are accessible to all registrants and prevents additional licensing requirements from third parties.
• The IDF is overseen by a Board elected by its members, with a designated Managing Agent coordinating activities.
• Membership is open to organizations involved in electronic publishing and related technologies, and the IDF conducts annual open meetings on DOI-related topics.
• Registration agencies, appointed by the IDF, assist DOI registrants by allocating prefixes, registering names, and facilitating metadata maintenance.
• These agencies actively promote DOI adoption, collaborate in system development, and provide services for their user communities.
• The IDF, a federated registrar for the Handle System, assigns prefixes under the top-level 10 prefix.
• Registration agencies typically charge a fee for DOI assignments, with a portion supporting the IDF.
• The DOI system, managed by the IDF, operates on a not-for-profit cost recovery basis.

Additional Information

• A digital object identifier (DOI) is a standardized, persistent identifier used to identify a variety of objects uniquely.
• DOIs are based on the Handle System and conform to the URI system (Uniform Resource Identifier).
• They serve as a common method for identifying academic, professional, and government content, including journal articles, research reports, data sets, and official publications.
• DOIs are also employed to identify other types of resources, such as commercial videos.

The Correct answer is Internet Archive.

Key Points

• Open Library was founded by Aaron Swartz, Brewster Kahle, Alexis Rossi, Anand Chitipothu, and Rebecca Malamud,
• It is an online project under the nonprofit organization Internet Archive.
• It was Launched in 2006.
•  It is funded partially by grants from the California State Library and the Kahle/Austin Foundation. 
• Open Library compiles book information from sources like the Library of Congress, various libraries, Amazon.com, and user contributions through a wiki-style interface. When digital versions of books are accessible, a "Read" button is provided in the catalog listing.
• Unencrypted page images are accessible on OpenLibrary.org and Archive.org, along with APIs for automated downloading of page images.
• The site underwent a redesign and was relaunched in May 2010.
• In the week of October 21, 2019, the Open Library introduced a Book Sponsorship program.

Additional Information

• Internet Archive.
  • Internet Archive, founded on May 10, 1996, and led by Brewster Kahle, is a digital library and advocate for free information.
  • In August 2012, the Archive made an announcement stating that it had incorporated BitTorrent into its file download choices for over 1.3 million existing files and all newly uploaded ones.
  • Their mission is to ensure "universal access to all knowledge."
  • In September 2020, the Internet Archive introduced a new initiative named Internet Archive Scholar, aimed at archiving and safeguarding open-access academic journals.Creative Commons:
• Creative Commons
  • It is a nonprofit organization that provides free, easy-to-use copyright licenses to creators. These licenses let creators share their work with others while still retaining some control over how it is used.
  • Creative Commons licenses are based on copyright law, which gives creators the exclusive right to copy, distribute, perform, display, and create derivative works from their work. However, copyright law also allows creators to give others permission to use their work, and Creative Commons licenses are a way for creators to do this.
  • There are six Creative Commons (CC) licenses, each specifying usage permissions granted by the content creator. While the creator retains copyright, the chosen CC license allows others to reuse the content under defined conditions.
• OCLC:
  • It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, then became the Online Computer Library Center as it expanded. In 2017, the name was formally changed to OCLC, Inc
  • Products and Services of OCLC:
    • BIBLIOTHECAplus library management system.
    • LBS library management system.
    • EZproxy access and authentication software.
    • GreenGlass
    • SISIS-SunRise library management system
    • Wise
    • CatExpress cataloging service.
    • PiCarta database
    • WorldCat.org global catalog.
• INFLIBNET:​
  • It stands for Information and Library Network Centre situated at Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
  • It is an Autonomous Inter-University Centre (IUC) of the University Grants Commission initiated in March 1991.
  • The Centre acts as a nodal agency for networking of libraries and information centres in universities, and institutions with an aim to promote scholarly communication.
  • Major initiatives are:
    • Shodhganga- Digital repository of theses and dissertations.
    • Indcat - Online Union Catalogue of Indian Universities contains bibliographic records of books.
    • Soul- Software for University Libraries is an integrated library management software designed and developed by INFLIBNET.

The correct answer is A-II, B ‐ I, C ‐ IV, D ‐ III.

Key Points

• The Alexandria Digital Library
  • ​The Alexandria Digital Library Project, initiated in 1995, is based at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
  • Its primary focus is the development and management of the Alexandria Digital Library, which encompasses geographically referenced materials and associated services for user access.
• arXiv
  • arXiv is an open-access repository of electronic preprints and post-prints.
  • It consists of scientific papers in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, electrical engineering, computer science, quantitative biology, statistics, mathematical finance, and economics.
  • It was launched on August 14, 1991.
  • It is owned and operated by Cornell University.
• ​Universal Digital Library:
  • ​Initially launched by Carnegie-Mellon University, this site had an ambitious goal of offering access to "all human knowledge, anytime, anywhere."
  • Although the project concluded in 2008, it still provides access to a vast collection of books and materials gathered from diverse sources.
• Project Gutenberg:​
  • Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works.
  • It also "encourages the creation and distribution of eBooks.
  • It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart at the University of Illinois
  • It is the oldest digital library.
  • All files can be accessed for free under an open-format layout.

The correct answer is "Humanities and Social Sciences periodical database​".

Key Points

• JSTOR-
  • JSTOR stands for "Journal Storage" and is a digital library that was founded by William G. Bowen in 1994 in the USA in New York City as a digital library.
  • It contains digitized back issues of academic journals, books, and other primary sources as well as current issues of journals in the humanities and social sciences.
  • William G. Bowen, who served as the president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, established JSTOR in 1994.
  • The idea for JSTOR originated as a response to the challenges faced by libraries, particularly research and university libraries, dealing with the growing number of academic journals.
  • It provides full-text searches of journals and provides open-access content free of charge.
  • JSTOR is licensed mainly to academic institutions, public libraries, research institutions, museums, and schools.
• JSTOR Use-
  • JSTOR metadata is available through "CrossRef" and the "Unpaywall dump", which as of 2020 identifies nearly 3 million works hosted by JSTOR.

The correct answer is Michael Hart.

Key Points

• Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works.
• It also "encourages the creation and distribution of eBooks.
• It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart.
• It is the oldest digital library.
• All files can be accessed for free under an open-format layout.
• As of 3 October 2015, Project Gutenberg had reached 50,000 items in its collection of free eBooks.
• Project Gutenberg is closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts.
• Project Gutenberg is named after Johannes Gutenberg, who introduced book printing with movable type in Europe.

The correct answer is "Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam".

Key Points

• UGC Infonet Digital Library Consortium - 
  • The UGC INFONET Digital Library Consortium is a major initiative of the University Grants Commission (UGC) to bring qualitative change to academic libraries in India.
  • It was formally launched in December 2003 by Honourable Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam, the then President of India.
  • It was launched soon after providing Internet connectivity to the universities in the year 2003 under the UGC-Infonet program.
  • It is a national initiative for providing access to scholarly electronic resources including full-text and bibliographic databases in all subject disciplines to the academic community in India.
  • In the first phase, it gave access to all major e-resources to 50 universities in the year 2004, which has now been extended to 157 universities in three different phases
  • It facilitates access to high-quality e-resources to academia in the country to improve teaching, learning, and research. 
  • The UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium is the largest Consortium in India In terms of the number of users.

​ Additional Information

• ​Objective of UGC Infonet Consortium -
  • ​Its main objective is "to provide access to qualitative electronic resources including full-text and bibliographic databases to academic institutions at a lower rate of subscription." 
  • It aims also to promote interaction and inter-library cooperation among the participating universities.

Key Points

• The word Reprography was first used in 1954 as a generic term for all types of facsimile reproduction of documents, including in its scape processes and techniques associated with photocopying, microcopying, blue printing, electrocopying, thermocopying, dyeline reproduction, etc. 
• The processes and techniques associated with reprography include:
  • Photocopying: A process of reproducing documents using light, typically through xerography.
  • Microcopying: The process of reducing documents to a small size for storage on microfilm or microfiche.
  • Blue Printing: A method of creating copies of architectural and engineering drawings using a contact print process on light-sensitive paper.
  • Electrocopying: Involves the use of electrostatic charges to transfer toner or other substances to paper.
  • Thermocopying: A method of copying documents using heat-sensitive paper.
  • Dyeline Reproduction: A process of reproducing documents using light-sensitive diazo paper.

 Additional Information

• Reprography combines "repro," meaning to rewrite or reproduce, and "graphy," referring to written or printed material.
• It involves the reproduction of printed or written documents through methods used for copying and duplicating.
• Reprography, now a widely accepted term replacing "document copying" or "documentary reproduction," includes microcopying, photocopying, duplicating, and in-house printing.
• It typically operates on a small scale and involves non-professional operators, excluding commercial printing.
• Reprography methods are grouped based on the following process principles:
  • Photographic Methods (Light-sensitive)
  • Thermographic Methods (Heat-sensitive)
  • Electrostatic Methods (Charge-sensitive)​

The Correct answer is Digital Object Identifier 

Key Points

• A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique identifier standardized by ISO for various objects.
• It's a part of the Handle System and fits within the URI system.
• A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to digital documents, primarily used to provide a persistent link to an online resource.
• DOIs are extensively used to identify academic, professional, government information, including journal articles, research reports, data sets, and official publications.
• They've also been applied to identify other resources like commercial videos.
• A DOI is a Handle System handle with two parts, a prefix, and a suffix, separated by a slash.
• The prefix shows the identifier's registrant, and the suffix, chosen by the registrant, points to the specific object.
• These strings can contain most Unicode characters and are case-insensitive.
• The DOI system is a global standard created by the International Organization for Standardization in its Committee on Identification and Description, TC46/SC9.
• The draft ISO/DIS 26324, Information and documentation – Digital Object Identifier System, fulfilled ISO approval requirements.