Match the different profounders of digital archive platforms with the respective platforms created by them.

LIST - I (Propounders)		LIST - II (Platform)
A.	Herbert Van de Sompel	I.	ArXiv
B.	Paul Ginsparg	II.	Subversive Proposal
C.	Michael S. Hart	III.	Open Archive Initiative
D.	Steven Harnad	IV.	Project Guttenberg

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

The Correct answer is A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II

Key Points

• ArXiv.org:
  • Established in 1991 by Paul Ginsparg at Los Alamos National Laboratory, the ArXiv (http://www.arXiv.org/) stands as the oldest eprint archive.
  • Initially focused on theoretical high-energy physics, it expanded to cover various fields like physics, computer science, and mathematics.
  • Now hosted at Cornell University, ArXiv has revolutionized scholarly communication through its alternative model.
  • Processing 35,000 submissions annually and receiving two million weekly hits, it has a global impact, with two-thirds of its traffic originating from institutions outside the United States, including those in developing regions.
  • As a pioneer, ArXiv has inspired the creation of institutional archives and subject-based digital repositories worldwide, fostering the open-access archiving movement as an alternative to traditional scholarly publishing.
  • Notably, the Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, oversees the Indian mirror site of ArXiv.
• Subversive Proposal:
  • The "Subversive Proposal," made by Stevan Harnad on June 27, 1994, called on authors of specialized research to archive their articles online for free access.
  • Initially presented at the 1994 Network Services Conference in London, it sparked a series of online discussions, later compiled into the 1995 book Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads:
  • A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing.
  • This led to the creation of Cogprints in 1997, an open-access archive for cognitive sciences, and the 1998 American Scientist Open Access Forum, which later influenced the Budapest Open Access Initiative and the term "open access." 
• Open Archive Initiative:
  • ​The Open Archives Initiative (OAI), formed in the late 1990s by Herbert Van de Sompel, Carl Lagoze, Michael L. Nelson, and Simeon Warner, aimed to create interoperability standards for sharing metadata across digital archives.
  • Active for about 20 years, OAI developed key specifications like OAI-PMH, OAI-ORE, and ResourceSync.
  • The initiative focused on creating a low-barrier framework for institutional repositories and digital libraries, enabling metadata harvesting to provide value-added services by combining different datasets.
  • OAI's work has significantly contributed to enhancing access to eprint archives and supporting the open access publishing movement, with broader applications beyond scholarly publishing.
• Project Guttenberg:
  • Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works.
  • It also "encourages the creation and distribution of eBooks.
  • It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart.
  • It is the oldest digital library.
  • All files can be accessed for free under an open-format layout.
  • As of 3 October 2015, Project Gutenberg had reached 50,000 items in its collection of free eBooks.
  • Project Gutenberg is closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts.
  • Project Gutenberg is named after Johannes Gutenberg, who introduced book printing with movable type in Europe.