Social Inequality and Exclusion MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Social Inequality and Exclusion - Download Free PDF

The correct answer is - 2, 3, and 4

Key Points

• Disability and Social Determinants
  • Disability is not just a biological issue; it is influenced by social, economic, and environmental factors.
  • Poverty and malnutrition significantly contribute to higher disability rates among marginalized groups due to lack of healthcare and prenatal care.
• Disability and Census Data
  • The Census of 2011 included detailed disability-related questions to improve data collection and policy formulation.
  • This was a major step in recognizing and addressing disability rights and inclusion in India.
• Social Perception of Disability
  • Disabled individuals are often viewed as victims rather than as capable, independent individuals.
  • Such perceptions lead to social stigma, exclusion, and limited employment opportunities.

Additional Information

• Global Perspective on Disability
  • The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) promotes equal rights, accessibility, and social inclusion.
  • Many countries have laws and policies ensuring equal employment, education, and healthcare opportunities for persons with disabilities.
• Challenges Faced by Disabled Individuals
  • Limited access to education and employment due to infrastructural and attitudinal barriers.
  • Inadequate healthcare facilities and social security benefits.
  • Persistent stigma and discrimination in workplaces and public spaces.

The correct answer is - 2 and 3

Key Points

• Social Inequality vs. Social Exclusion
  • Social inequality is not limited to economic differences but also includes disparities in education, healthcare, caste, gender, and other social factors.
  • Social exclusion is a systematic process that prevents specific groups from accessing resources, services, and opportunities, reinforcing inequality.
• Prejudice
  • Prejudice refers to a preconceived opinion about a person or group that is not based on reason or factual evidence.
  • It often leads to stereotypes and unfair treatment in social settings.
• Discrimination and Social Exclusion
  • Discrimination does not always have legal consequences, as some forms of exclusion (such as workplace bias or informal segregation) may not be explicitly addressed by law.
  • However, certain forms of discrimination, such as caste-based or gender-based discrimination, have legal consequences under specific national laws.

Additional Information

• Forms of Social Exclusion
  • Caste-based exclusion: Dalits in India have faced historical discrimination and restricted access to public spaces.
  • Gender-based exclusion: Women often face disparities in wages, employment opportunities, and leadership roles.
  • Disability-based exclusion: Lack of accessibility in workplaces and public spaces creates barriers for people with disabilities.
• Legal Frameworks Addressing Discrimination
  • Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
  • The Equal Protection Clause in the U.S. Constitution serves a similar purpose by ensuring equal legal treatment.
  • Internationally, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) promotes equality and non-discrimination.

The correct answer is - A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1

Key Points

• Dalits → Caste-based discrimination and untouchability
  • Historically, Dalits have faced social exclusion and discrimination based on caste.
  • They were considered "untouchables" and denied access to education, temples, and public resources.
  • The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 was introduced to protect Dalits from discrimination.
• Adivasis → Land alienation and displacement
  • Adivasis (tribal communities) have lost their land due to deforestation, industrial projects, and urban expansion.
  • Large infrastructure projects like the Narmada Dam have led to the displacement of thousands of Adivasis.
  • The Forest Rights Act, 2006 was enacted to restore land rights to Adivasi communities.
• Women → Gender inequality and violence
  • Women face issues such as domestic violence, sexual harassment, and workplace discrimination.
  • The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 and Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 aim to protect women's rights.
  • The gender pay gap remains a major issue, limiting economic independence for women.
• Disabled → Lack of accessibility and employment opportunities
  • Persons with disabilities struggle with barriers to education, employment, and public infrastructure.
  • Many workplaces do not provide equal job opportunities or facilities for disabled individuals.
  • The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 was introduced to improve accessibility and job inclusion.

Additional Information

• Government Policies for Social Inclusion
  • Reservations: Seats in education and jobs reserved for SCs, STs, and OBCs.
  • Midday Meal Scheme: Encourages school enrollment for marginalized children.
  • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: Aims to improve education and status of girls.
• Movements Against Social Exclusion
  • Dalit Panthers: A movement to fight against caste-based atrocities.
  • Chipko Movement: Led by Adivasis and rural women to protect forests.
  • Disability Rights Movements: Advocated for accessible public spaces.

The correct answer is - A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

Key Points

• Stree Purush Tulana - II. Tarabai Shinde
  • Written by Tarabai Shinde, "Stree Purush Tulana" is an early feminist text in India, comparing the conditions of women and men.
• Three Sermons on Human Nature - III. Bishop Joseph Butler
  • Bishop Joseph Butler authored "Three Sermons on Human Nature," which explores human nature and morality.
• Sultana's Dream - IV. Begum Rukkaiyah Hossain
  • Begum Rukkaiyah Hossain wrote "Sultana's Dream," a feminist utopian novella envisioning a society where women dominate.
• The texts of the Hindu law - I. M. G. Ranade
  • M. G. Ranade was an Indian scholar, judge, and social reformer who contributed to Hindu law texts.

Additional Information

• Stree Purush Tulana
  • Tarabai Shinde's 18-page pamphlet, "Stree Purush Tulana," is considered a pioneering work of feminist literature in India.
  • It was published in 1882 as a response to what Shinde saw as the hypocrisy and double standards of patriarchal society.
• Three Sermons on Human Nature
  • Bishop Joseph Butler published these sermons in the early 18th century, emphasizing moral philosophy and ethics.
  • Butler's work argued for the innate sense of conscience in human beings and its role in moral decision-making.
• Sultana's Dream
  • Begum Rukkaiyah Hossain, a Bengali writer, and social reformer published "Sultana's Dream" in 1905.
  • The story is set in a fictional Ladyland where women run everything and men are secluded.
• The texts of the Hindu law
  • M. G. Ranade was a prominent Indian scholar who worked towards the modernization of Hindu law and education.
  • He advocated for social reforms, including women's rights and the eradication of caste discrimination.

The correct answer is - Prejudice

Key Points

• Prejudice
  • The term prejudice literally means 'pre-judgement'.
  • It refers to forming an opinion or feeling about a person or group in advance of any familiarity with the subject, often before considering any available evidence.
  • Prejudice is typically based on preconceptions or unfounded beliefs that are not grounded in actual experience or factual evidence.
  • It can manifest as negative attitudes or emotions towards individuals or groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, religion, nationality, or other attributes.

Additional Information

• Stratification
  • Stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into different social classes, castes, or groups within a society.
  • It is based on factors such as wealth, income, education, occupation, and social status.
• Discrimination
  • Discrimination involves unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, particularly on the grounds of race, age, sex, or disability.
  • This treatment can occur in various aspects of life, including employment, education, housing, and access to services.
• Stereotypes
  • Stereotypes are generalized and often simplified beliefs or ideas about a particular group of people. These can be positive or negative but often lead to oversimplifications and misconceptions.
  • Stereotypes do not account for individual differences and are usually based on limited information or social perceptions.

The correct answer is Only A, B, C and D.

Key Points

Inequality is the difference in social status, wealth, or opportunity between people or groups. 

• Discrimination on the basis of a person's religion, caste, and sex is a factor in why people are treated unequally.
• Discussing the struggles against inequality, the examples given below would be helpful for a teacher.
  • Tawa Matsya Sangh was a Fisherworker's cooperative.
    • It was an organization that fought for the rights of the displaced forest dwellers of the Satpura forest in Madhya Pradesh.
  • Song titled 'The Right to know' by Vinay Mahajan was written as part of the Right to Information campaign.
  • Rosa parks helped in initiating the civil rights movement in the United States.
  • An experience from a student's life can also be used as an example of inequality.

 Thus, we can say that the above examples can be used to teach struggles against inequality.

Eva Rathgeber (1990) outlined three major theoretical frameworks that have guided women and development research and practice till date. These three distinctive frameworks are Women in Development (WID), Woman and Development (WAD) and Gender and Development (GAD).

Key Points

 In response to criticisms of the WID approach, the Women and Development (WAD) approach emerged in the late 1970s.

• WAD's main argument, based on a Marxist feminist approach, was that women had always been a part of development processes.
• According to WAD, women have always been important economic actors.
• The work they do both inside and outside the home is critical to society's survival.
• This integration, however, has only served to maintain global inequalities.
• As a result, the WID approach, which emphasised integrating women into development, was incorrect.
• WAD focuses on the interaction of women and development processes rather than solely on strategies for integrating women into development.

The GAD approach, developed in the 1980s, differed from both WID and WAD and was based on socialist-feminist ideology.

• According to the GAD perspective, women's oppression stems primarily from a neoliberal emphasis on improving women's reproductive and productive capacities.
• The goal of GAD has been to investigate "why women have been systematically assigned to inferior and/or secondary roles," as well as to confront issues of power and agency.
• The GAD approach is extremely difficult for non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to implement because it seeks to address the root causes of gender inequality rather than implementing short-term fixes to the existing system.

Important Points The term WID was first used by the Women’s Committee of Washington, DC in their efforts to bring the evidence brought by Boserup (in its 1970 documentation of the regressive impact of development on women’s lives) to the attention of policymakers.

• The WID approach came to prominence as an approach to include women in development in the early 1970s.
• It calls for greater attention to women in development programs and seeks to integrate women into the overall development processes and policies.
• This approach adheres to the beliefs and assumptions of the modernization theory of development.
• Thus, WID development projects stress pursuing western values and economic growth.
• Liberal feminists also endorse the modernization theory approach to development. 
• Liberal feminists began advocating for the integration of women in development as producers and workers after Boserup’s 1970 book documenting the regressive impact of development on women’s lives.
• Thus, WID represents a merging of modernization and liberal feminist theories. 
• The main focus of WID was to integrate women into economic systems through legal and administrative changes. Emphasis on the productive role of women.

Therefore, the correct answer is Women in Development (WID).

The correct answer is - 2, 3, and 4

Key Points

• Disability and Social Determinants
  • Disability is not just a biological issue; it is influenced by social, economic, and environmental factors.
  • Poverty and malnutrition significantly contribute to higher disability rates among marginalized groups due to lack of healthcare and prenatal care.
• Disability and Census Data
  • The Census of 2011 included detailed disability-related questions to improve data collection and policy formulation.
  • This was a major step in recognizing and addressing disability rights and inclusion in India.
• Social Perception of Disability
  • Disabled individuals are often viewed as victims rather than as capable, independent individuals.
  • Such perceptions lead to social stigma, exclusion, and limited employment opportunities.

Additional Information

• Global Perspective on Disability
  • The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) promotes equal rights, accessibility, and social inclusion.
  • Many countries have laws and policies ensuring equal employment, education, and healthcare opportunities for persons with disabilities.
• Challenges Faced by Disabled Individuals
  • Limited access to education and employment due to infrastructural and attitudinal barriers.
  • Inadequate healthcare facilities and social security benefits.
  • Persistent stigma and discrimination in workplaces and public spaces.

The correct answer is - 2 and 3

Key Points

• Social Inequality vs. Social Exclusion
  • Social inequality is not limited to economic differences but also includes disparities in education, healthcare, caste, gender, and other social factors.
  • Social exclusion is a systematic process that prevents specific groups from accessing resources, services, and opportunities, reinforcing inequality.
• Prejudice
  • Prejudice refers to a preconceived opinion about a person or group that is not based on reason or factual evidence.
  • It often leads to stereotypes and unfair treatment in social settings.
• Discrimination and Social Exclusion
  • Discrimination does not always have legal consequences, as some forms of exclusion (such as workplace bias or informal segregation) may not be explicitly addressed by law.
  • However, certain forms of discrimination, such as caste-based or gender-based discrimination, have legal consequences under specific national laws.

Additional Information

• Forms of Social Exclusion
  • Caste-based exclusion: Dalits in India have faced historical discrimination and restricted access to public spaces.
  • Gender-based exclusion: Women often face disparities in wages, employment opportunities, and leadership roles.
  • Disability-based exclusion: Lack of accessibility in workplaces and public spaces creates barriers for people with disabilities.
• Legal Frameworks Addressing Discrimination
  • Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
  • The Equal Protection Clause in the U.S. Constitution serves a similar purpose by ensuring equal legal treatment.
  • Internationally, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) promotes equality and non-discrimination.

The correct answer is - A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1

Key Points

• Dalits → Caste-based discrimination and untouchability
  • Historically, Dalits have faced social exclusion and discrimination based on caste.
  • They were considered "untouchables" and denied access to education, temples, and public resources.
  • The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 was introduced to protect Dalits from discrimination.
• Adivasis → Land alienation and displacement
  • Adivasis (tribal communities) have lost their land due to deforestation, industrial projects, and urban expansion.
  • Large infrastructure projects like the Narmada Dam have led to the displacement of thousands of Adivasis.
  • The Forest Rights Act, 2006 was enacted to restore land rights to Adivasi communities.
• Women → Gender inequality and violence
  • Women face issues such as domestic violence, sexual harassment, and workplace discrimination.
  • The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 and Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 aim to protect women's rights.
  • The gender pay gap remains a major issue, limiting economic independence for women.
• Disabled → Lack of accessibility and employment opportunities
  • Persons with disabilities struggle with barriers to education, employment, and public infrastructure.
  • Many workplaces do not provide equal job opportunities or facilities for disabled individuals.
  • The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 was introduced to improve accessibility and job inclusion.

Additional Information

• Government Policies for Social Inclusion
  • Reservations: Seats in education and jobs reserved for SCs, STs, and OBCs.
  • Midday Meal Scheme: Encourages school enrollment for marginalized children.
  • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: Aims to improve education and status of girls.
• Movements Against Social Exclusion
  • Dalit Panthers: A movement to fight against caste-based atrocities.
  • Chipko Movement: Led by Adivasis and rural women to protect forests.
  • Disability Rights Movements: Advocated for accessible public spaces.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Solution: 

• The functional theory of stratification advanced by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore recommends that social inequalities are functional for society.
• They come up with an incentive for the most talented individuals to engaged jobs that are essential to the orderly maintenance of a society
• Critics of Davis and Moore's theory proposed that stratification actually erodes the stability within a society.
• Due to unequal access to opportunities, the inordinate amount of power given to elites, and the institutionalization of social distance between various members of a society.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Classification of society as militant and industrial was given by Herbert Spencer.

• Spencer offered a secondary system of classifying societies, although this one became better known than his primary system of classifying societies by their degree of com- pounding

• Militant Society, Individuals exist for benefit of state;

• Restraints on liberty, property, and mobility - Industrial Society, State exists for benefit of individuals, freedom, few limitations on property and mobility.

The correct answer is Option1.

Key Points

• Lewis Coser propounded the concept of 'internal and external conflict’.

• According to Coser's point of view, conflict theory is a functional social system.

• He described that conflicts that occur in society do not merely display a negative function.

• However, conflict can also have a positive effect on the ongoing social order.

• It helps in consolidating a society or a group when some external aggression occurs.

• Conflict prevents the calcification of the social system by exerting pressure for innovation and creativity. 

The correct answer is Davis and Moore

Key Points 

• The functional theory of stratification provided by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore suggests that social inequalities are functional for society because they provide an incentive for the most talented individuals to occupy jobs that are essential to the orderly maintenance of a society.
• Critics of Davis and Moore's theory suggest that stratification actually undermines the stability within a society due to unequal access to opportunities, the disproportionate amount of power given to elites, and the institutionalization of social distance between diverse members of a society.
• Emile Durkheim developed theories of social structure that included functionalism, the division of labor, and anomie. 

The correct answer is Only A, B, C and D.

Key Points

Inequality is the difference in social status, wealth, or opportunity between people or groups. 

• Discrimination on the basis of a person's religion, caste, and sex is a factor in why people are treated unequally.
• Discussing the struggles against inequality, the examples given below would be helpful for a teacher.
  • Tawa Matsya Sangh was a Fisherworker's cooperative.
    • It was an organization that fought for the rights of the displaced forest dwellers of the Satpura forest in Madhya Pradesh.
  • Song titled 'The Right to know' by Vinay Mahajan was written as part of the Right to Information campaign.
  • Rosa parks helped in initiating the civil rights movement in the United States.
  • An experience from a student's life can also be used as an example of inequality.

 Thus, we can say that the above examples can be used to teach struggles against inequality.