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Home / IAS Preparation / qHPV Vaccine

qHPV Vaccine: Everything You Should Know!

Last Updated on Jan 07, 2024
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qHPV vaccine fights human papillomavirus or HPV. HPV causes cancers and diseases. The qHPV vaccine protects from cancers. It safeguards women from cervical cancer. Both girls and boys can take this vaccine.

This article is about an important HPV vaccine in India called the Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus vaccine. It's important for students getting ready for the UPSC CSE Exam. If you want some extra support to study really well for the exam, you can think about joining UPSC Coaching. 

What is qHPV Vaccine?

The qHPV vaccine is a quadrivalent vaccine that protects against four strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV): HPV types 16, 18, 31, and 6. These four strains are responsible for causing approximately 70% of cervical cancers.

History of HPV Vaccine In India

India approved the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (qHPV vaccine) in 2010 for use in the private market. At the time, it could only be accessed through private healthcare facilities at a cost. In 2012, the WHO recommended HPV vaccination be included in national immunization programs globally to prevent cervical cancer.

Some key developments in India's HPV vaccination program:

  • 2014: The Drug Controller General of India licensed the bivalent HPV vaccine (Cervarix) for use in India in addition to the qHPV vaccine (Gardasil).
  • 2016: The Government of India launched the National HPV Vaccination Demonstration Project in Kerala, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu under the National Health Mission. This made HPV vaccines (both qHPV and bivalent) available freely through public healthcare centres in these pilot project states.
  • 2017: The HPV vaccination drive was scaled up nationwide by the Government by including it in the routine immunization program under Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram for 9-15-year-old girls.
  • 2018: Coverage expanded to include boys in the pilot project states to assess the impact of gender-neutral vaccination.
  • 2021: Following the success of pilots, the HPV vaccination program will be scaled up nationally across India for girls and boys aged 9-14 years through routine healthcare services.

India's demonstration projects revealed high HPV vaccine acceptability by parents and the feasibility of school-based delivery models. This helped in the full integration into the national immunization program to ensure widespread protection against HPV-related cancers in the coming decades.

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India’s First qHPV Vaccine

India has made a significant breakthrough in the fight against cervical cancer. It has developed its first quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccine, Cervavac. This indigenous vaccine is manufactured by the Serum Institute of India (SII). This marks a crucial step towards reducing the burden of cervical cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in India.

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Composition of qHPV Vaccine

The qHPV vaccine is composed of highly purified virus-like particles (VLPs) of the recombinant major capsid (L1) protein of HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. These VLPs are self-assembled structures that mimic the native HPV virus. However, they lack the genetic material to replicate or cause infection.

The VLPs for each HPV type are produced separately in recombinant Hansenula polymorpha (yeast) cells and then purified. The purified VLPs for each type are then adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide (AlOH) adjuvant. This enhances the vaccine's immunogenicity. Finally, the adsorbed VLPs of each HPV type, along with an aluminum hydroxide-containing adjuvant formulation and a buffer, are combined to form the final qHPV vaccine product.

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How Does The Qhpv Vaccine Work?

The quadrivalent HPV vaccine (qHPV vaccine) works by training the body's immune system to recognize and fight against infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV) types it targets. Here are the key steps in how it provides protection:

  • Viral Capsid Proteins: The vaccine contains non-infectious versions of the capsid proteins (the shells surrounding the virus genomes) of HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. These have been engineered using recombinant DNA technology.
  • Antigen introduction: When the vaccine is administered via intramuscular injection, these virus-like particle (VLP) antigens enter the body.
  • Immune response: The capsid protein antigens resemble actual HPV viruses enough for our immune system to mount an attack. Dendritic cells in the injection site present the antigens to T and B lymphocytes.
  • Antibody production: B lymphocyte cells are activated, which differentiate into memory B cells and plasma B cells. The plasma B cells produce antibodies specifically against the capsid antigens contained within the vaccine.
  • Formation of immune memory: Some B and T lymphocytes become long-lived memory cells that will remember the HPV types.
  • Protection from HPV: If a person is exposed to any of the HPV types in the vaccine in the future, the memory cells can trigger a rapid and effective immune response by memory B cells, producing antibodies to control the infection before it becomes established.

This strong and targeted immune response prevents infection and blocks the HPV types from causing diseases like genital warts, cervical cancer, and others. Two doses help establish sufficient immune memory for long-term protection.

Quadrivalent Hpv Vaccine Schedule

  • First dose at age 9-14 years
  • The second dose 6 months after the first
  • For girls aged 15 years or older, three doses are required.

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Side Effects of Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine

The HPV vaccine is generally well-tolerated, but like with many vaccines, some people experience minor side effects after getting a dose. The side effects are usually mild and go away on their own within a few days.

Some common side effects reported include:

  • Pain, swelling, or redness where the shot was given- This is the most common side effect and happens in around 9 out of 10 people who get the vaccine. The arm may be sore for a day or two.
  • Fever- A low-grade fever occurs in about 1 out of 10 people. The fever is usually mild and goes away on its own.
  • Headache or feeling tired- Headaches happen in around 3 out of 10 people. Feeling tired is less common.
  • Nausea or dizziness- Feelings of nausea or dizziness can happen but are not very frequent.
  • Muscle or joint pain- Some soreness or aching in the muscles or joints may occur, but it is also not too common.

These side effects are normal signs that the body's immune system is building antibodies to protect against HPV infection. Severe allergic reactions are very rare. Usually, a pain reliever like acetaminophen can help with any discomfort from the side effects. Overall, the vaccine is very safe.

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Uses of qHPV vaccine

The HPV vaccine is used to prevent infection from certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a very common virus that can cause several health problems:

  • Cervical cancer - HPV is the main cause of nearly all cervical cancers. The vaccine prevents infection from the types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers.
  • Other cancers - HPV also causes many cancers of the vagina, vulva, anus, penis, and oropharynx (back of throat, including base of tongue and tonsils). The vaccine can prevent these, too.
  • Genital warts - Certain HPV types can cause genital or anal warts. The vaccine prevents these visible HPV-related lesions.

It is recommended that both girls and boys receive the vaccine at age 11-12 before risk of exposure to HPV. This is because it works best when given before potential contact with the virus.

The vaccination is given as a series of 2 or 3 shots, depending on age. It produces antibodies that last for many years, providing long-term protection against HPV infection and related diseases even after complete vaccination.

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Conclusion

By preventing HPV infection, the goals are to greatly reduce rates of cervical cancer and genital warts, as well as several other HPV-caused cancers. Getting the HPV vaccine can help ensure long-term protection against these HPV-related health problems.

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qHPV FAQs

Yes, studies from countries using the HPV vaccine for over a decade show a significant drop in HPV infections and related diseases. It provides over 90% protection against targeted HPV types.

Current data suggests protection lasts for at least 10 years and perhaps lifelong. Ongoing research monitors if a booster dose may be needed after many years.

No, there is no scientific evidence that qHPV causes infertility. It contains only non-infectious pieces of HPV that mimic natural HPV infection without causing harm.

Those having a severe allergic reaction to any component after the first dose or pregnancy should not take it. Those having other severe illnesses should discuss with the doctor.

No, the qHPV vaccine only protects from new HPV infections. It cannot treat existing HPV infections or HPV-related diseases like cervical cancer. For that, separate treatment as per disease is required.
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